明代府州县政区分等研究  

Research on the Ranking System of Administrative Divisions During the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：胡存璐 Hu Cunlu(The Institute of Qing History,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《历史地理研究》2023年第2期25-42,158,共19页The Chinese Historical Geography

基　　金：中国人民大学2021年度拔尖创新人才培育资助计划,中国人民大学科学研究基金项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)“基于地方志的清代职官信息集成数据库建设与研究”(21XNLG04)。

摘　　要：明代府州县政区分等制度,初以税粮多寡定政区等第,从而决定官员品级的不同。洪武十四年(1381),又根据税粮、地理位置定繁简之例决定官员考核。嘉靖年间,杨允绳提出按照府州县政务繁简、地方边腹、道里冲僻,分三等授官,至隆庆元年(1567)统一划分政区等第为“上中下”三等。根据《大明一统文武诸司衙门官制》对明代府州县“繁简”情况记载的统计,冲、疲、事繁、赋役繁重之地多集中在南直隶、北直隶、江西等省,其中运河沿线的府州县尤为突出。实际运行中,明后期多以官缺“繁”“简”来决定官员的选任,但在掣签法实行之后,根据政区等第授官的制度并未继续执行。明代政区分等制度对清代产生较大影响,明清两朝政区等第的空间分布也具有一定相似性。In Ming Dynasty,the ranking system of the administrative division of prefectures and counties were initially accorded to the amount of taxes and levied grain,hence the different grades of officials.In the fourteenth year of Hongwu,taxation and location were also used in determining the social and natural quality of the divisions,namely Fan or Jian,as well as the assessment methods of officials.Yang Yunsheng proposed to divide the administrative hierarchy into three levels according to administrative workload,geographic location and transportation during the Jiajing years.Consequently,the Ministry of Personnel unified the administrative divisions into three levels in the first year of Longqing.According to the statistics recorded in the Da ming guan zhi,the places with important roads,heavy workload,dire taxation were mostly concentrated in the Southern Zhili,Northern Zhili,and Jiangxi provinces,among which the places along the canals were particularly typical.Officials were selected to fill in the positions of Fan or Jian in the late Ming dynasty,but the ranking system was not continued after the implementation of the method of drawing lots.The ranking system in the Ming Dynasty had a great influence on the Qing Dynasty,and the spatial distribution of the administrative divisions in the Ming and Qing Dynasties also had certain similarities.

关 键 词：政区分等 《大明一统文武诸司衙门官制》 官缺繁简 官员选任 

分 类 号：K928[历史地理—人文地理学]