On the importance of concomitant conditions: Light and conspecific presence modulate prey response to predation cue  

作　　者：Łukasz Jermacz Jarostaw Kobak 

机构地区：[1]Nicolaus Copernicus University,Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences,Department of Ecology and Biogeography,Lwowska 1,87-100 Torun,Poland [2]Nicolaus Copernicus University,Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences,Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology,Lwowska1,87-100 Torun,Poland

出　　处：《Current Zoology》2023年第3期354-359,共6页动物学报（英文版）

基　　金：Our study was supported by the grants of the National Science Centre,Poland No.2016/21/B/NZ8/00418 and 2020/39/D/NZ8/01226.

摘　　要：Assessment of individual costs of the anti-predator defence translating into changes in population parameters is meagre.This is because prey responses are likely to be modulated by additional factors,commonly present in the environment,but often neglected in experimental studies.To evaluate the effect of external factors on prey behavior and physiology,we exposed amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii to the predation cue of Perca fluviatilis in different densities and light conditions.Singletons of both species exposed to the predation cue in light modified their oxygen consumption(D.villosus:reduction,G.jadzewskii:increase)compared to their respiration in predator-free conditions.However,in the presence of conspecifics or in darkness,their respiration became insensitive to the predation cue.On the other hand,the swimming activity of prey was reduced in the presence of the predation cue irrespective of prey density and light conditions,but singletons were consistently more active than groups.Thus,external factors,such as conspecifics and darkness,constantly or periodically occurring in the field,may reduce the costs of predator non-consumptive effects compared to the costs measured under laboratory conditions(in light or absence of conspecifics).Moreover,we showed that behavioral and physiological parameters of prey may change differently in response to predation risk.Thus,conclusions drawn on the basis of single defence mechanisms and/or results obtained in artificial conditions,not reflecting the environmental complexity,strongly depend on the experimental design and endpoint selection and therefore should be treated with care.

关 键 词：anti-predator response fear effects non-lethal effects predator-prey interactions predation risk trait-mediated effects 

分 类 号：O17[理学—数学]