人工智能法律主体地位的赋予标准及其立法考量  

The Criteria for Granting the Status of Artificial Intelligence Legal Person and Its Legislative Considerations

作　　者：朱俊[1] ZHU Jun(School of Law,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400045,China)

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院,重庆400045

出　　处：《四川轻化工大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第4期37-47,共11页Journal of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering：Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(21XDJ003)。

摘　　要：是否赋予人工智能法律主体地位,在立法上是一个技术问题。因为从历史来看,法律主体地位的古罗马法标准是人格概念,近代以来的法国和德国则基于不同理由都拒绝了人格概念,转向了权利能力概念。权利能力概念是法定的,即在本质上是一个中立性的概念工具。因此,人工智能的法律主体地位的赋予标准,是一个立法技术,要求立法者根据情势决断是否赋予人工智能权利能力。通常,立法者在决断该问题时,有五个必须关注的因素:一是立法者需要在自由与安全之间权衡,人工智能在扩展人类的自由与安全的同时,是否引发了更严重的自由与安全危机,且人工智能对人类自由的扩展与其对人类安全的威胁,谁更具有优先性;二是立法者需要把握赋予人工智能法律主体地位的信息与时机,客观方面的立法时机关注人工智能产业发展与其法律地位的关系,主观方面的立法时机强调人类对人工智能及其引发的问题是否有着充分认知,这都有赖于立法者对人工智能及其影响的信息的掌握;三是立法者需要考虑赋予人工智能法律主体地位的成本问题,包括立法成本与运行成本两个方面,即人工智能产业的发展红利是否足够支付这一成本;四是立法者需要完善赋予人工智能法律主体地位的横向与纵向立法技术,纵向立法技术与横向形式立法技术都有赖于一个时期的立法技术大环境,而纵向实质立法技术则需要充分考虑赋予何种人工智能权利能力,何种权利义务,何种法律责任,如何承担法律责任等问题;五是立法者赋予人工智能法律主体地位的决断需要面临可接受性检验与意外后果检验。总之,赋予人工智能法律主体地位的立法决断,是一个相对复杂的系统工程,但无论怎样决断,推动人工智能产业的健康且快速发展始终是立法者决断的基本前提。Whether to endow artificial intelligence with the status of legal person is a technical issue in legislation.From a historical perspective,the standard of ancient Roman law for the status of legal person is the concept of personality.Since modern times,France and Germany have rejected the concept of personality for different reasons and turned to the concept of rights and capabilities.The concept of capacity for rights is legal,which is essentially a neutral conceptual tool.Therefore,the granting standard of the status of artificial intelligence as a legal person is a legislative technology that requires legislators to decide whether to grant artificial intelligence the right capacity according to the situation.Usually,when deciding on this issue,legislators must pay attention to five factors:Firstly,legislators need to balance freedom and security,and judge whether artificial intelligence has triggered a more serious crisis of freedom and security while expanding human freedom and security,and who has priority over artificial intelligence's expansion of human freedom and its threat to human security.Secondly,legislators need to grasp the information and opportunity that endows AI with the status of legal person.The objective legislative opportunity focuses on the relationship between the development of AI industry and its legal status.The subjective legislative opportunity emphasizes whether human beings have a full understanding of AI and the problems it causes,which depends on legislators'grasp of AI and its influence information.Thirdly,legislators need to consider the cost of giving AI legal person status,including legislative cost and operating cost,that is,whether the development dividend of AI industry is enough to pay this cost.Fourthly,legislators need to improve the horizontal and vertical legislative technology that endows artificial intelligence with the status of legal person.Both the vertical legislative technology and the horizontal formal legislative technology depend on the general environment o

关 键 词：人工智能 法律主体 人格 权利能力 立法技术 

分 类 号：D911.01[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]