作为神图的戏画--四川省泸定县岚安乡将军庙戏楼哪吒壁画探赜  

Portrayal of Gods in Operatic Paintings--An Exploration of the Two Qing-dynasty Murals of Nezha on the Opera Tower of Jiangjun Temple in Luding,Sichuan

作　　者：何光涛 He Guangtao

机构地区：[1]四川师范大学影视与传媒学院 [2]四川师范大学巴蜀文化研究中心,成都610068

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第4期70-83,193,共15页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金艺术学项目“清代四川地区移民会馆戏曲史料的搜集整理与研究”(19BB027)。

摘　　要：四川泸定县岚安乡将军庙戏楼上的两幅清代哪吒壁画,是迄今为止笔者在四川地区发现的唯一现存的古代哪吒壁画。该壁画是在戏楼竣工的当年由前来兼唱踩台戏和庆坛戏的戏班所绘,其内容和造型与唐宋以来广泛雕绘在石窟、建筑和各种图谱中的同质化哪吒图像不同。壁画在故事内容上杂取博采,描绘的是“花戏”中哪吒奉如来法旨降妖伏魔的故事场景;在人物造型上多源异构,既借鉴了神谱、密典和小说中的人物形象,也融入了画师对“花戏”中人物的非程式装扮的观察思考;在宗教功能上具有镇台驱邪、赐福祛祸的作用,这与哪吒在佛道两界的职司和民间坛场的地位有关。壁画外在“表象”为戏画形式,而内在“观念”则为神图的宗教属性。对其加以个案分析,可为学术界研究古代民间图像提供启发和借鉴。Since Nezha was introduced into China with the Chinese translation of Esoteric Buddhist classics in the Tang dynasty,there have been a large number of various images about him in Chinese folk carvings and paintings.In terms of content and shape,these images show two tendencies of homogeneity.Firstly,due to the influence of esoteric classics,Nezha mostly stands beside Vaisramana as a majestic general in the sculpture murals of the caves and temples in the Tang and Song dynasties.Secondly,in temples,archways and various atlases in Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties,influenced by the novel Fengshen Yanyi,Nezha is often portrayed as a brave and rebellious boy fighting against the Dragon King or Empress Shiji.In addition,due to the difference in Nezha's religious identity,these two types of images are basically distinct from each other in terms of figure,appearance,clothing and weapons.The two Qing-dynasty murals of Nezha on the opera tower of Jiangjun Temple in Lan an Township,Luding County,Sichuan Province are the only surviving murals of Nezha that the author has so far discovered in Sichuan.They were painted by troupes who came to stage performance celebrating the completion of the theater building.The content and shape of these two Nezha images are different from the two types mentioned above.The murals take elements from a wide variety of stories,depicting Nezha subduing four demons on Tathagata's orders.The drama involved is one interspersed in West Journey Drama.The story structure and scenes come from Ming dynasty Zaju Three Changes of Violent Nezha,and the prototype of the monsters come from the novel Journey to the West.The murals are unique in character modeling,not only drawing on the images of gods,of characters in the Esoteric Buddhism classics and novels,but also integrating the painter's observation and reflection on the non-procedural dress of the characters in the Small Drama.Specifically,Nezha's figure and appearance are basically borrowed from the novel Fengshen Yanyi.As regards the weapons,the painters

关 键 词：神庙 戏楼 哪吒壁画 神图 戏画 

分 类 号：J218.6[艺术—美术]