德国外交角色的变迁:从“文明力量”到“建构力量”?  

Transformation in Germany's Diplomatic Role:From"Civilian Power"to"Shaping Power"?

作　　者：黄萌萌[1] HUANG Mengmeng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院欧洲研究所

出　　处：《欧洲研究》2023年第2期78-108,I0003,I0004,共33页Chinese Journal of European Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“欧洲‘选举年’后美欧关系走向及对我影响研究”(项目批准号:17CGJ018)的资助。

摘　　要：乌克兰危机背景下,德国开启外交与安全政策的“时代转折”。这一转折不仅基于外部的危机冲击,还与德国外交角色变迁的内生动力息息相关。近年来,偏重“克制文化”的德国“文明力量”角色愈发难以适应激烈的国际地缘政治博弈,而外交认知与盟友期待的变化,促使德国外交角色加速变迁。德国外交与安全战略文件频繁出现“建构力量”的角色叙事,它既有规范性力量的底色,又包含权力政治的逻辑。结合近十年德国外交的实践,本文从国际责任、权力政治、国家利益观以及国际关系中的身份政治四个维度出发,解析德国“建构力量”角色的核心内涵:第一,承担包括联盟安全责任与全球治理贡献在内的更多国际责任;第二,撬动盟友权力资源,在维护西方主导的基于规则的国际秩序上发挥领导力;第三,国家利益基于经济利益与价值规范,突出价值观外交的权重;第四,对国际关系中的“我者”采取基于价值观的有效多边主义,与“他者”构建多维度关系。然而在外交实践中,德国“建构能力”与其“建构意愿”之间仍然存在差距,若要成为成熟的“建构力量”,仍需克服规范与现实层面的诸多制约。In the context of the Ukraine crisis,Germany has experienced a"historic turning point"in its foreign and security policy("Zeitenwende").However,the Zeitenwende is not only triggered by the external crisis but also closely related to the internal dynamics which give impetus to the changing diplomatic role of Germany.In recent years,it has become increasingly difficult for Germany,who plays the role of a"civilian power"emphasizing the"culture of restraint",to adapt to the intense international geopolitical struggle.At the same time,the changes of domestic cognition on Germany's foreign policy and the expectations from Germany's external partners have accelerated the transformation of Germany's diplomatic role.Germany's foreign and security strategy papers have frequently mentioned its role of a"shaping power"(Gestaltungsmacht),which not only has a tone of normative power but also contains the logic of power politics.Based on Germany's foreign policy practices in the past decade,this article analyzes the characteristics of Germany's role as a"shaping power"from four dimensions,namely,international responsibility,power politics,national interests and identity politics in international relations.It points out that the core of Germany's role as a"shaping power"lies in the following four aspects:to undertake more international responsibilities including making more contributions to alliance security and global governance;to leverage the allies'power resources and play a leadership role in maintaining the rules-based international order dominated by the West;to safeguard national interests based on economic interests and norms,with an emphasis on valueoriented foreign policy,and finally,to implement effective multilateralism based on the common values towards"us"in international relations,while at the same time shaping multidimensional relationships with"others".However,in Germany's foreign policy practice,there is still a gap between its"shaping capacity"and"shaping willingness".To become a mature"shaping power",Germany

关 键 词：德国 外交角色 建构力量 文明力量 权力政治 

分 类 号：D851.6[政治法律—政治学]