大变局时代美国政治制度危机的根源——以塞缪尔·亨廷顿的考察为中心  

The Root Cause of the Crisis in the American Political System in the Era of Greatest Changes:Samuel P.Huntington’s Perspectives

作　　者：胡金光 Hu Jinguang

机构地区：[1]华北电力大学马克思主义学院,北京102206

出　　处：《国际论坛》2023年第4期138-154,160,共18页International Forum

基　　金：2021年国家社科基金重点项目“当代西方国家政治极化的源起与影响研究”(项目编号:21AZZ002)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：美国在21世纪遭遇的政治制度危机主要表现为政治制度的变革难以有效应对社会经济的变革。美国政治的特点是传统的政治体制与现代化的政治参与相结合。美国的旧制度体现在政治权威分散、权力分化与职能交叉混和等方面,导致的后果是美国政府治理能力不足、缺乏国家认同、政府效率低下,但其指向社会力量的政治参与完全是现代化的,政治参与扩大化维持了一个现代化的新社会。美国社会的现代化与政治的现代化存在一种辩证关系,即社会过于现代化反而易于阻碍传统政治的现代化发展程度;美国社会的现代化与政治的现代化也存在一种反向关系,即社会现代化的先在性限定了传统政治的现代化发展路径。当政治制度的发展变得更加现代化时,却不符合美国社会的进步要求,又会遭到美国人的反对。美国社会的现代化与政治的现代化之间就出现了悖论。社会的现代化最终维持和加强了政治制度的旧传统,这就是造成美国政治制度危机的根源。即使20世纪以后的美国政府日益变成“强政府”,但美国社会的诉求越来越多、边界越来越开放、成员越来越多元、价值观越来越新,与美国“强政府”趋势相伴行的是美国社会“越来越新”的趋势。美国的“强政府”依然面临着“越来越新”的现代社会的持续挑战。The institutional crisis the United States faces in the 21st century is mainly manifested in the inability of its political institutions to effectively respond to social and economic changes.The US system is a combination of traditional political institutions and modern political participation.The traditional institutions are characterized by the decentralization of political authority,power diffusion and functional duplication,resulting in the US government’s governance deficit,weak national identity,and low efficiency.However,the expansion of political participation by social forces,which is completely modern,has sustained a new modern society.There is a dialectical relationship between societal modernization and political modernization in the US in that when a society is too modernized it will hinder the modernization of traditional political institutions.There is also an inverse relationship between the twin modernizations in the US since the preexistence of social modernization actually limits the modernization path of traditional political institutions.When the political system becomes more modern and is out sync with the progressive requirements of the American society,it will be opposed by Americans.Thus there is a paradox between the modernization of the American society and the modernization of American politics.The fact that societal modernization sustains and strengthens the political system is the root cause of the crisis in the American political system.Even though the US government has increasingly become a strong government after the 20th century,the American society has been increasingly new given the diversity of social demands,more open borders,diverse members,and the constant emergence of new values.The strong government in the US still faces continuous challenges from the a modern society that is increasingly new.

关 键 词：亨廷顿 美国政治 政治现代化 社会现代化 制度危机 

分 类 号：D50[政治法律—政治学]