藏传佛教中国化视野下的上师信仰  

On the Guru Belief in the Perspective of Developing Tibetan Buddhism in the Chinese Context

作　　者：高颖 GAO Ying

机构地区：[1]中国藏学研究中心宗教研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《中国藏学》2023年第2期33-42,214,215,共12页China Tibetology

摘　　要：藏传佛教上师信仰的形成经历了长期的发展过程。在密宗修学中上师信仰是主要信仰形态,随着佛教密宗传入,上师信仰在西藏进一步发展。受旧西藏政教合一的封建农奴制的影响,上师信仰在社会文化层面得到了固化和泛化,僧侣特别是活佛成为社会上层,受到过度尊崇,以致出现了戒律废弛、骄奢淫逸等弊端。信众对上师盲目崇拜,对上师提出的违背戒律、不合佛理的要求,不敢拒绝,不能提醒。在社会主义社会条件下,深入推进藏传佛教中国化,建立健康而如法的师徒关系,应以释迦牟尼所教导的四依法为原则,以释迦牟尼所制定的平等和敬互助的阿阇梨法为指导,严格师徒关系缔结之前的观察和选择过程,回归清净理性的佛陀本怀。The formation of guru belief in Tibetan Buddhism has experienced a long-term development process.The guru belief is the main form of belief in tantric Buddhism.With the introduction of tantric Buddhism,the guru belief further developed in Tibet.Influenced by the theocratic feudal serfdom of old Tibet,the guru belief was solidified and generalized at the social and cultural level.Monks,especially the Living Buddhas,became the upper class of the society and were excessively respected,resulting in the laxity of disciplines,extravagance and indulgence in sangha.Believers blindly worshipped the gurus and dared not refuse or remind them of their demands that violate the precepts and Buddhist principles.Under the conditions of socialist society,to further develop Tibetan Buddhism in the Chinese context,and to establish a healthy and law-abiding relationship between the guru and disciple,the principles of Four Reliances(catvaripratisaranani)taught by Sakyamuni should be followed.With the guidance of the acharya method of equality,respect and mutual assistance made by Sakyamuni,strictly observation and selection before the conclusion of the guru-disciple relationship are emphasized.

关 键 词：上师信仰 中国化 阿阇梨法 四依法 世俗化 

分 类 号：B946.6[哲学宗教—宗教学]