“让档案自己说话”:福柯的档案史料观  

“Let Archives Speak for Themselves”:Foucault's View of Archives

作　　者：杨光[1] YANG Guang(School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444)

机构地区：[1]上海大学文化遗产与信息管理学院,上海200444

出　　处：《档案学研究》2023年第3期137-143,共7页Archives Science Study

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“综合档案馆社会影响力评价及提升策略研究”(20BTQ106)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：作为一名哲学家,对档案史料的异常迷恋与旁征博引是福柯独具一格的研究风格。为避免自己的档案研究陷入解释学和人类学的循环中,沦为建立在遗忘和沉默之上的理性史的复述,福柯摆脱了经典史学的文献观,将档案引入考古学的语境中,视其为一种非意向性的“遗迹”,以便实现“让档案自己说话”的效果。“让档案自己说话”是福柯档案史料研究的核心原则,目标是展现“不正常的人”和“无名之辈”这类卑微个体处于沉默状态的历史。为了考掘历史的背面,福柯先后采用“档案话语分析”和“档案汇编”两种方法。在《疯狂史》中,福柯悬置了科学话语的解释,通过对档案中有关“疯狂”的话语史的考古,暴露了西方理性文明得以形成的专断性结构。但到了《里维耶》《无名者的生平》《巴尔班》《家庭的失序》中,为了不破坏档案文本的美学贯穿力,同时深感理性秩序的贫乏和出于对逝者悲惨命运的敬畏,福柯放弃了任何理论化的解释,彻底以档案汇编的朴素形式公开档案,让读者自己去体验历史匿名者碎片化的经验。As a philosopher,Foucault's unique research style is characterized by his extraordinary fascination with archival historical materials and extensive quotations from them.In order to avoid his archival research falling into the cycle of hermeneutics and anthropology and becoming a restatement of rational history based on forgetfulness and silence,Foucault got rid of the literature view of classical history and introduced archives into the context of archaeology as an non-intentional''monument''in order to achieve the effect of''letting the archives speak for themselves''.Letting the archives speak for themselves is the core principle of Foucault's archival research.Its goal is to objectively show the history of humble individuals such as abnormal and infamous men in a silent state.In order to explore the back of history,Foucault successively adopted two methods:archival discourse analysis and archival compilation.In Madness and Civilization:A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason,Foucault suspended the interpretation of scientific discourse.Through the archaeology of the discourse history of madness in the archives,Foucault exposed the arbitrary structure formed by the western rational civilization.However,in I,Pierre Riviere,Having Slaughtered My Mother,My Sister,and My Brother:A Case of Parricide in the 19th Century,Lives of Infamous Men,Herculine Barbin and Disorderly Familles:Infamous Letters from the Bastille Archives,in order not to destroy the aesthetic penetration of the archives,but also deeply aware of the paucity of rational order and out of reverence for the tragic fate of the deceased,foucault gave up any theoretical interpretation and completely made the archives public in the simple form of compilation,so that readers can experience the fragmented experience of historical anonymity.

关 键 词：档案遗迹 档案话语分析 档案汇编 

分 类 号：G270[文化科学—档案学]