论中国涉外雇佣合同国际民事裁判管辖权规则之重构  

On Reconstructing the Rules of International Civil Adjudicative Jurisdiction over Employment Contracts Involving Foreign Elements in China

作　　者：刘阳 Liu Yang

机构地区：[1]浙江理工大学法政学院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2023年第3期87-106,共20页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：当今跨国务工人员数量庞大,涉外雇佣合同纠纷频发,但中国涉外雇佣合同国际民事裁判管辖权(下文简称管辖权)规则暂付阙如,中国法院在司法实践中通过不同的方法确定涉外雇佣合同案件的管辖权连结点。其中,部分中国法院回归适用涉外一般合同管辖权规则,部分中国法院参照2020年《最高人民法院关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律问题的解释(一)》第3条推导出涉外雇佣合同管辖权连结点。不同于涉外一般合同管辖权的理论基础,涉外雇佣合同管辖权的法理基础建立在公平理论、密切联系理论和公共利益理论之上。在具体规范构成上,域外发展趋势是涉外雇佣合同管辖权规则依起诉主体不同而采取区别制,即针对雇主诉雇员案件和雇员诉雇主案件的管辖权规则存在差异。中国未来应吸纳域外经验,增补涉外雇佣合同管辖权的单独规定,使之彻底剥离于涉外普通合同管辖权规则,同时还可避免采用“逆推型”管辖权体例而忽视弱者利益的保护。此外,中国还需要基于公共利益理论对涉外雇佣合同管辖权性质进行重新界定。在涉外雇佣合同客观性管辖权规则重构过程中,中国宜区分雇主诉雇员案件与雇员诉雇主案件,合理设置管辖权连结点。中国还应设置涉外雇佣合同协议管辖制度,以缓解雇员跨国诉诸司法的困境。Nowadays,there are a large number of cross-border migrant workers,but the rules of international civil adjudicative jurisdiction(hereinafter referred to jurisdiction)over disputes arising from employment contracts involving foreign elements in China are absent,which leads to jurisdiction connection points invoked by Chinese courts in international employment contract cases are inconsistent.Some courts return to apply the competence rules of international general contracts,while other courts derive jurisdiction connecting points of international employment contracts by referring to article 3 of Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases(Ⅰ)in 2020.Unlike the theoretical basis of jurisdiction over international general contracts,jurisprudential bases of jurisdiction over international employment contracts are established on fairness theory,theory of significant contact,and public interest theory.In terms of specific normative composition,the trend of development of jurisdiction over international employment contracts in other jurisdictions is to adopt a differentiated system based on the different claims,and there are differences in the jurisdiction of employers suing employees and employees suing employers.China should supplement the separate provision on the jurisdiction of international employment contracts to separate it from the jurisdiction of international ordinary contracts completely.The use of"regression type"and"reverse type"jurisdictional patterns of international employment contracts is not enough to protect the interests of the weaker party.China needs to define the jurisdictional nature of international employment contracts based on the theory of public interest.The reconstruction of objective jurisdiction rules of international employment contracts in China should distinguish between employers suing employees and employees suing employers,and consensual jurisdiction of international employment contracts should be retained to alleviate

关 键 词：涉外雇佣合同 国际民事裁判管辖权 保护弱者利益原则 雇员惯常工作地管辖 专属管辖 管辖权 涉外劳动纠纷 

分 类 号：D997.3[政治法律—国际法学]