水坝泄水气体过饱和对鱼类影响及减缓技术研究综述  

Review on the Effect of Dissolved Gas Supersaturation of Dam Spill on Fishes and its Mitigation Measures

作　　者：李然[1,2] 李克锋 冯镜洁[1,2] 王远铭[1,2] LI Ran;LI Kefeng;FENG Jingjie;WANG Yuanming(State Key Lab.of Hydraulics and Mountain River Eng.,Sichuan Univ.,Chengdu 610065,China;College of Water Resources and Hydropower,Sichuan Univ.,Chengdu 610065,China)

机构地区：[1]四川大学水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点实验室,四川成都610065 [2]四川大学水利水电学院,四川成都610065

出　　处：《工程科学与技术》2023年第4期91-101,共11页Advanced Engineering Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(52039006);国家自然科学基金面上项目(51879173)。

摘　　要：水坝泄水总溶解气体(total dissolved gas,TDG)过饱和可导致鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡,给水生态系统健康带来严重危害。近年来随着中国越来越多的高坝工程投入运行,水坝泄水气体过饱和对鱼类影响逐渐成为制约高坝泄水安全运行的重要生态风险。本文通过对国内外研究文献的梳理分析,结合研究团队近年来在该领域的研究成果,从鱼类耐受性响应、过饱和TDG规律、减缓技术以及发展动态等几个方面对水坝泄水气体过饱和对鱼类影响及减缓技术研究开展了回顾分析。首先面向中国长江上游特有鱼类保护需求,分析了溶解气体过饱和危害以及不同特征鱼类对溶解气体过饱和的躲避能力和耐受规律。在此基础上,从过饱和TDG生成和释放角度,揭示了水坝泄水溶解气体过饱和规律及其模拟预测方法,从工程措施、调度措施和生态功能利用措施三方面阐述了过饱和气体减缓技术及其工程应用现状。基于中国高坝工程泄水生态安全需求,开展了国内外发展动态分析,指出进一步深入揭示高坝泄水气体过饱和机制、完善和发展高坝泄水过饱和气体预测方法和技术、加强和深化过饱和TDG减缓技术的工程可行性研究、实施基于减缓过饱和TDG影响的流域梯级多目标优化调度、推进中国关于鱼类对过饱和TDG耐受标准的建立是当前面临的关键问题与技术挑战。本文成果旨在解决水坝泄水气体过饱和问题以及高坝运行生态安全保障研究提供思路借鉴和科学依据。Total dissolved gas(TDG)supersaturation caused by dam spills may lead to gas bubble disease and even fish mortality,resulting in ser-ious negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem.With more and more high dams put into operation in recent years,the problem of total dissolved gas supersaturation has become an important ecological risk restricting the safe operation of high dam discharge in China.By combining literat-ure analyses and the authors'research experience in the field,the problem of dissolved gas supersaturation,its effect on fish and the mitigation measures were retrospected.First,for the protection needs of endemic fish in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,the negative effect of TDG supersaturation and the tolerance ability of fishes to TDG supersaturation were reviewed.The mechanism of TDG supersaturation and its simula-tion technology was revealed from the perspective of the generation and dissipation process.The mitigation technology and its engineering applic-ation were described from the engineering measures,dispatching measures,and ecological function utilization measures.According to the ecolo-gical safety demand of high dam discharge in China,the research trend at home and abroad was analyzed.It was proposed that the current key problems and challenges mainly include further revealing the mechanism of TDG supersaturation,improving the accurate and advanced predic-tion methods,strengthening the engineering feasibility study of TDG mitigation technology,implementing the cascade muti-object optimal dis-patching based on TDG supersaturation mitigation,and promoting the establishment of fish tolerance standards to TDG supersaturation.The ef-fort of this paper aims at providing scientific reference and guide for the solution of TDG supersaturation and guarantee the ecological safety of high dam operation.

关 键 词：水坝泄水 总溶解气体 过饱和 鱼类 耐受能力 减缓措施 

分 类 号：TK131.34[动力工程及工程热物理—热能工程]