论知识生产“举国体制”的兴起——国家、竞争与“计划科学”的演生  

On the Rise of"Nationwide Mobilization-System"——Study on the Dynamic Mechanism of Modern China's Knowledge Production System

作　　者：刘超[1] 代玉 LIU Chao;DAI Yu(College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,Zhejiang,310058;School of Education,Tianjin University,Tianjin,300350)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学教育学院,浙江杭州310058 [2]天津大学教育学院,天津300350

出　　处：《清华大学教育研究》2023年第3期11-23,33,共14页Tsinghua Journal of Education

基　　金：全国教育科学规划项目“建国初党中央创建社会主义高等教育体系的战略智慧研究”(BOA180049);国家社科基金青年项目“阶级视野下的‘调干生’研究(1949-1965)”(18CZS039);2023年度中央高校基本科研业务费项目。

摘　　要：知识系统是复杂社会系统一个重要的有机组成部分,受到知识逻辑和社会逻辑的双重约束。民初,随着新式知识体系的持续引入和新式学术机构的陆续涌现,中国的知识系统也开始实质性的现代转型,个体化的知识生产日渐逊位于有组织的科研活动,制度化科研成为许多名校的普遍特征。由于一战期间军事需求等因素的推动,团队化研究在主要先进国家迅速成为常态,知识国家化成为世界性潮流。1931年起,由于苏联因素影响,“计划科学”成为一个全球性的新议题。尽管各方人士对此进行了激烈争议,但大科学体制在越来越多的国家成为常态。中国迅速跟进,中研院堪称范例。中国从1942年开始出现多次计划科学的构想,在随后原子能研究中有初步尝试。这些构想在1954年开始的重点大学建设及1956年启动的科技发展规划中成为现实,并彰显了巨大效应。这一进程浓缩着中国知识生产系统的跃迁,也折射着现代中国与世界的深刻变革,并对未来产生了深远影响。The knowledge production system governed by the logic of knowledge and the logic of society is a part of the social system.In the early years of the Republic of China,with the continuous introduction of new knowledge systems and the emergence of new academic institutions,a substantial modernization and transformation happened in China's knowledge system.Organized research activities were increasingly playing an essential role in knowledge production,while the role of individuals gradually fell behind.Driven by factors such as military needs during World War I,team-based research quickly became common in major advanced countries.Since 1931,due to the influence of the Soviet Union,"planned science"has become a new issue in the global academic community.Although people from all sides fiercely debated it,"the great scientific system"became a reality in an increasing number of countries.China quickly kept up with the trend.Since 1942,there has been a conception of"planned science"on many occasions,which became a reality with the construction of key universities started in 1954 and the science and technology development plan launched in 1956,demonstrating significant effects as well as transforming the development of China.This process condensed the transition of China's knowledge production system,which not only reflected the deep changes in modern China and the world,but also had a profound impact on the future.

关 键 词：知识生产 计划科学 大科学体制 学术独立 知识国家化 社会工程 

分 类 号：G322.9[文化科学]