“理解”的科学:从德罗伊森到韦伯的概念衍变  

The Science of Verstehen:The Evolution of the Concept of Verstehen from Droysen to Weber

作　　者：马志谦 Ma Zhiqian

机构地区：[1]北京大学科学技术与医学史系,北京100871

出　　处：《广东社会科学》2023年第4期194-209,288,共17页Social Sciences in Guangdong

摘　　要：在社会学方法论中,“理解”是一个核心概念,其基础是由韦伯奠定的。但是,在韦伯那里,“理解”意味着对他人的理解,而不包含与之紧密相关的自身理解。本文将对于理解概念的讨论,重新置于十九世纪末的思想危机中。正是在当时各种新旧势力彼此交战的过程中,为应对实证主义的挑战,“理解”才成为了方法论讨论的核心。本文重新梳理了从德罗伊森经狄尔泰、李凯尔特、齐美尔再到韦伯,对于一种学科方法的“理解”概念的阐述。在这一过程,理解从一种历史学的对于个体的理解,最终发展为社会学的类型化的理解。但是,其中也发生了一些关键性的变化,并最终衍变出韦伯理解社会学中主体间的困难和理性主义的气质。“Verstehen”is a central concept of sociological methodology,whose foundation was laid by Max Weber.However,in Weber’s case,“Verstehen”primarily means the rational understanding of others and does not include the understanding of themselves,which is closely related to the former one.This paper repositions the discussion of the concept of“Verstehen”in the context of the spirit crisis at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.It was in the course of the debate between the old and the new,and in response to the challenge of positivism,the concept of“Verstehen”became the center of methodological discussion.This paper discusses the conceptualization of“Verstehen”as a disciplinary approach from Droysen to Weber,via Dilthey,Rickert and Simmel.In this process,the concept of“Verstehen”evolves from an understanding of individuals in history to a typological understanding in sociology.However,to some extent,some of the essential changes also contributed to intersubjective difficulties and rationalism of Weber’s Verstehende Soziologie(interpretive sociology).

关 键 词：理解社会学 理性主义 精神科学 文化科学 

分 类 号：C91-0[经济管理]