免耕一膜两年用及水氮减量对西北灌区小麦水氮利用效率的影响  

Effects of no⁃tillage with residual plastic mulching in the second year and water and nitrogen reduction on water and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat in northwest irrigated areas

作　　者：张正鹏 陈桂平 李盼[2,3] 韦金贵 殷文 ZHANG Zhengpeng;CHEN Guiping;LI Pan;WEI Jingui;YIN Wen(Seed Industry Center of Liangzhou District,Wuwei 733000,China;Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science,Lanzhou 730070,China;College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省武威市凉州区种业中心,甘肃武威733000 [2]省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州730070 [3]甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《甘肃农业大学学报》2023年第3期42-49,共8页Journal of Gansu Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32101857);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年英才培育项目(Gaufx-03Y10);甘肃省科学技术协会青年人才托举工程项目(2020-12);甘肃省重点人才项目(204197083016)。

摘　　要：【目的】针对长期连作作物生产力低、水氮减量作物稳产技术研究薄弱等突出问题,研究前茬地膜覆盖玉米收获后免耕留存地膜,在水氮减量投入下提高种植后茬小麦的水氮利用效率对于建立西北灌区小麦生产的节本增效技术具有实践指导意义。【方法】通过田间试验,设置了免耕一膜两年覆盖利用(NT)和传统耕作(CT)2个耕作方式,传统灌水(I_(2),2400 m^(3)/hm^(2))与减量20%灌水(I_(1),1920 m^(3)/hm^(2))2个灌水水平,传统施氮(N_(3),225 kg/hm^(2))、减量20%施氮(N_(2),180 kg/hm^(2))和减量40%施氮(N_(1),135 kg/hm^(2))3个施氮水平。【结果】免耕一膜两年覆盖利用较传统耕作提高小麦籽粒产量与水分利用效率分别为10.4%与12.4%,增加小麦籽粒与植株氮素累积量分别为17.7%与15.6%。减量20%灌水与减量20%施氮同步集成于免耕一膜两年覆盖利用措施进一步增强小麦增产与氮素积累能力而提高水氮利用效率,较传统耕作和传统水氮供应处理小麦增产15.2%、水分利用效率提高20.5%,小麦籽粒与植株氮素累积量分别增加27.6%与16.0%,氮素收获指数提高10.0%,氮素利用效率提高8.4%。【结论】前茬玉米免耕一膜两年覆盖利用配套减量20%灌水(1920 m^(3)/hm^(2))与减量20%施氮(180 kg/hm^(2))是提高西北绿洲灌区小麦水氮利用效率的节水节氮有效措施。【Objective】In view of low crop productivity in continuous cropping system and less research on crop yield stabilization technology with water and nitrogen reduction,it is of great significance to study the influence of no-tillage with residual plastic mulching from previous crop in the second year on the production of the following crops,and then to optimize cultivation pattern and establish the cost-saving and benefits-increasing technology of crop production in Hexi irrigated areas of Gansu province.【Method】A field experiment was carried out with two tillage practices,i.e.,no-tillage with residual plastic mulching from previous maize in the second year(NT)and conventional tillage after removing the mulched plastic in previous maize(CT),two levels of irrigations,i.e.,the local conventional irrigation amount(I_(2),2400 m^(3)/hm^(2))and reduced local conventional irrigation amount by 20%(I_(1),1920 m^(3)/hm^(2)),and with three levels of nitrogen application,i.e.,the local conventional nitrogen amount(N3,225 kg/hm^(2)),the reduced local conventional nitrogen amount by 20%(N_(2),180 kg/hm^(2))and the reduced local conventional nitrogen amount by 40%(N_(1),135 kg/hm^(2)),followed by evaluating effects of these treatments on water and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat.【Result】NT practice increased grain yield and water use efficiency of wheat by 10.4%and 12.4%,respectively,and increased grain and plant nitrogen accumulation amounts by 17.7%and 15.6%,respectively,compared to CT.A reduction by 20%in both irrigation and nitrogen application,coupled with NT practice,could increase grain yield and water use efficiency by 15.2%and 20.5%,respectively,increase nitrogen accumulation in grain and plant by 27.6%and 16.0%,respectively,and increase nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency by 10.0%and 8.4%,respectively,compared to CT with conventional high levels of irrigation and nitrogen applications.【Conclusion】No-tillage with residual plastic mulching from previous maize in the second year,coupled with

关 键 词：地膜覆盖 免耕 水氮减量 小麦 水氮利用效率 干旱灌区 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]