种植密度和氮施用时期对不同大豆品种农艺性状和产量的影响  

Effects of planting density and nitrogen application period on agronomic traits and yield of different soybean cultivars

作　　者：周新雨 王天舒 任利东 王丽[1] 于淑婷 王晶 宋爱英 尧水红[1] ZHOU Xin-yu;WANG Tian-shu;REN Li-dong;WANG Li;YU Shu-ting;WANG Jing;SONG Ai-ying;YAO Shui-hong(State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081;Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Wenshang County,Wenshang Shandong 272509)

机构地区：[1]北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]汶上县农业农村局,山东汶上272509

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第4期105-113,共9页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：中国农业科学院科技创新工程重大科研任务课题(CAAS-ZDRW202003-7);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132021012);国家大豆产业技术体系项目(CARS-04);黄淮海冬养地作物多样性对轮作休耕土壤微生物群落演替的调控作用及机制(42077099)。

摘　　要：合理密植和延后施氮是提高大豆产量的重要手段,为阐明不同大豆品种对种植密度和施氮时期的响应,于2020年在河南省新乡县开展试验,试验以大豆品种齐黄34和郑1307为试验材料,采用裂区设计,主处理为大豆品种,副处理为种植密度和氮施用时期,分析其农艺性状、生物量积累及产量要素构成的差异。研究结果表明:齐黄34和郑1307在18万~27万株/hm^(2)密度范围内苗期、盛花期、盛荚期施氮时产量分别为4027.55~4748.20和4783.65~5113.60 kg/hm^(2),郑1307产量比齐黄34高12.2%~21.8%。随种植密度增加,两个品种产量均无显著变化,其中齐黄34茎粗降低、分枝减少、有效荚数、有效粒数和百粒重均降低,但其茎秆伸长、地上部和根系生物量增加;郑1307茎粗和有效分枝降低,但单位面积生物量增加。氮施用时期对齐黄34产量影响显著,盛荚期施氮产量最高,与苗期和盛花期施氮相比分别提高5%~8%和8%~17%;对郑1307产量无显著影响,但在27万株/hm^(2)下盛荚期施氮有一定增产效应,且影响其有效荚数和百粒重。综上所述,在18万~27万株/hm^(2)种植密度区间内,种植密度通过调整大豆株型、改变地上部和根系的干物质积累,维持其群体产量;延后施氮对齐黄34有一定的增产效应,但对郑1307的增产效应未达到显著水平。研究结果为稳定提高黄淮海地区大豆单产,保障我国大豆产量及落实“大豆振兴”战略提供了理论基础及科学依据。Reasonable planting density and delayed nitrogen application are important for improving soybean yield.In order to demonstrate the responses of different soybean cultivars to planting density and nitrogen application period,this study used soybean cultivars Qihuang 34 and Zheng 1307 as experimental materials,and adopted a split plot design with soybean cultivars as main plots and planting density and nitrogen application period as subplots.The experiment was conducted at Xinxiang,Henan province in 2020.The differences in agronomic traits,biomass accumulation and production components were analyzed.The results showed that the yields of Qihuang 34 and Zheng 1307 were 4027.55-4748.20 and 4783.65-5113.60 kg/hm^(2)in the density range of 180000-270000 plants/hm^(2),respectively.The yield of Zheng 1307 was 12.2%-21.8%higher than that of Qihuang 34.The yield of the two cultivars did not change significantly under different planting densities.With the increase of density,the stem diameter,branches,effective pod number,effective grain number and 100-grain weight decreased,but stem elongation,shoot and root biomass increased in Qihuang 34;the stem diameter and effective branching decreased,but biomass per hectare increased in Zheng 1307.The application period of nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on the yield of Qihuang 34,with the highest yield under pod-filling stage application,increased by 5%-8%and 8%-17%compared to the seedling and full bloom stages,respectively.For Zheng 1307,the yield was not significantly affected by the application period,but it was higher under pod-filling stage application than the other treatments when planted at 270000 plants/hm^(2),with the effective pod number and 100-grain weight responded to nitrogen application period significantly.In conclusion,soybean plants can maintain its population yield by adjusting agronomic characters and the dry matter accumulation in the shoot and root within the reasonable planting density range of 180000-270000 plants/hm^(2).Delayed nitrogen applica

关 键 词：大豆品种 种植密度 氮施用时期 农艺性状 产量 

分 类 号：S565.1[农业科学—作物学]