索绪尔“第三次普通语言学教程”论析  

An Analysis of Saussure's Third Course of Lectures on General Linguistics

作　　者：聂志平[1] Nie Zhiping(Institute of Linguistics&School of Humanities,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学语言研究所/人文学院,浙江金华321004

出　　处：《东方论坛（青岛大学学报）》2023年第4期121-140,共20页Eastern Forum（JOURNAL OF QINGDAO UNIVERSITY）

基　　金：浙江省哲学社会科学重点项目“索绪尔语言学理论研究”(16NDJC040Z)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：索绪尔将“界定自身”即明确语言是什么看做语言学的第三个任务;将课程分为个别语言、语言和言语三个部分,并用图示说明言语行为、语言与言语的关系,提出了语言与言语的不同模式;将符号的构成明确为能指和所指,充分地论证了语言符号的任意性和线条性、具体实体与抽象实体、相对任意性与绝对任意性,以及为任意性所决定的社会性强制性、可变性与不变性,将博杜恩的静态与动态改造为共时与历时,认为这种区分是由语言符号的性质所决定的;将克鲁舍夫斯基的邻近性联想与类比性联想改造为组合关系和联想关系,使之成为语言系统的结构关系的体现,认为符号是什么取决于系统中的关系,并奠定了音位学的基础。索绪尔以此建立了科学的语言符号学,并奠定了普通符号学的理论基础。Saussure recognized "defining itself",i.e.,defining what langue is,as the third task of linguistics.He divided the course into three parts:individual langue,langue and parole,and illustrated the relationship between speech act,langue and parole,thus proposing different modes of langue and parole.He clearly defined the composition of symbols as signifier and signified,fully demonstrating the arbitrariness and linearity of linguistic symbols,concrete entities and abstract entities,relative arbitrariness and absolute arbitrariness,as well as sociality and compulsiveness,mutability and immutability determined by arbitrariness.Saussure transformed Baudouin's concepts of static and dynamic into synchrony and diachrony,and argued that this distinction was determined by the nature of linguistic symbols.He transformed Kruszewski's proximity association and analogy association into sentence segment relationship and association relationship,and made them representations of structural relationships in language systems.Saussure believed that what symbols are depends on the relationships in the system,and laid the foundation of phonemics.Based on the above,he established scientific linguistic semiotics and laid the theoretical foundation for general semiotics.

关 键 词：索绪尔 现代语言学 语言学理论 语言学史 

分 类 号：H0-09[语言文字—语言学]