新疆巴里坤县团结东路M12出土清代官服初考  

A Preliminary Study of the Qing Dynasty Official Robe Unearthed in Tomb M12 on East Tuanjie Road,Balikun County,Xinjiang

作　　者：尚玉平 Shang Yuping

机构地区：[1]新疆文物考古研究所

出　　处：《四川文物》2023年第3期94-105,F0003,共13页Sichuan Cultural Relics

摘　　要：2019年,新疆文物考古研究所在巴里坤县团结东路发掘了一座官员墓。墓主人外层着熊纹补服,二层着五爪八团蟒袍,木棺内置水晶顶子的官帽,服饰搭配极具身份等级特征,表明墓主人为清代官员。通过查阅文献资料及前人研究成果,墓主人服饰与清代五品武官的服饰组合极为相似,但也存在僭越现象,诸如蟒袍为黄色而不是蓝或石青色,龙爪数量为五爪而非四爪等。对墓葬出土服饰从服式、纹饰、色彩、工艺及材质等元素综合分析考证,以确定墓主人的身份级别,对进一步厘清清代官服制度的历史变迁以及清朝政府对巴里坤的有效治理有重要意义。Located in the eastern part of the Tianshan Mountains,Balikun County was the northern gateway to Xinjiang during the Qing Dynasty,known as"the confluence of mutual support among garrison forces in Xinjiang",therefore it was highly valued by the Qing Government.Especially in the Qianlong period,when military deployment in the north was valued over the south,Balikun once became the central city of integrated military and civil functions in northern Xinjiang as it was equally suitable for attack and defense.Massive constructions were carried out to accommodate the Eight-banner soldiers and their families.During the over 100 years from Qianlong period to Guangxu period,many senior officials were stationed here.However,tombs of Qing Dynasty officials are not regularly discovered in Xinjiang.In 2019,during the excavation of a Qing Dynasty cemetery on East Tuanjie Road,Balikun County,the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology identified tomb M12 as the tomb of a Qing Dynasty official.The owner of the tomb wears a vestment with an embroidered patch of bear design and a robe embroidered with eight five-clawed pythons.A hat with crystal finial is placed in the coffin.Such combination is highly indicative of his status and rank,which should be a rank five military official of the Qing Dynasty according to historical documents and previous study.But there are also phenomena of usurpations,for example,the python robe is yellow while it should be blue,and the pythons are five-clawed while they should be four-clawed.This article tries to identify the tomb owner on the basis of the style,pattern,colour,craftsmanship and texture of the excavated clothing in order to further explore the historical changes of official robe as well as the effective governance of Balikun during the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：巴里坤 清代官员墓 官服制度 五品官服 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K249[历史地理—历史学]