优先主义理念下债权人撤销权的制度重构:以程序法为中心  

The Reconstruction of Creditor s Avoidance Right Under the Doctrine of Priority:A Perspective of the Civil Procedural Law

作　　者：高旭 Gao Xu

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2023年第4期111-133,共23页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金“诉之类型的体系化研究”(20BFX085)的中期研究成果。

摘　　要：现行通说持平等主义立场,将债权人撤销权的法律效果认定为保全全体债权,对撤销权人保护不周。平等主义虽滥觞于罗马法上的保罗诉权,但继受罗马法传统的法德两国均已抛却该立场,执持优先主义重塑现代规范,在法律效果上不采“撤销—返还”构造,而是允许撤销权人直接就脱逸财产受偿。无独有偶,普通法系的欺诈转让法亦贯彻优先主义理念,配套司法优先权制度以确保判决债权的优先实现。优先主义应为债权人撤销权的价值本位,债权人撤销权的法律效果仅为使撤销权人取得对脱逸财产的执行名义,其他普通债权人无权分享胜诉利益;撤销权判决仅为给付判决,不应被赋予撤销法律行为的形成效力。优先主义划定了债权人撤销权的制度定位,明晰了债权人撤销权的程序法属性:债权人撤销权属于强制执行的辅助程序,仅服务于债之个别实现。但因现阶段执行法仍部分承担破产法的功能,债权人撤销权在例外情形下仍需适用平等主义。由于欠缺程序法上的优先权,我国债权人撤销权与“程序优先主义”相配套,应通过一系列程序法制度进行重构。The prevailed view insists that the legal effect of the creditor s avoidance right is to preserve the rights to debts of all the creditors,which is based on the doctrine of equality.This view is totally wrong.The doctrine of priority though originated in Actio Pauliana from Roman Law.French Law and German Law which inherited the tradition of Roman Law have abandoned this position,holding that the doctrine of priority reshapes modern norms and that the creditor is allowed to receive asset compensation.The doctrine of priority holds that the creditor is entitled to the enforcement of assets under the fraudulent conveyance law to satisfy his own judgement.The avoidance right of the creditor should follow the doctrine of priority.Its legal effect is only to let the creditor obtain the enforcement of property and other creditors are not entitled to share interests in lawsuit.The judgment of avoidance right is just prestation judgment and avoidance should not be given the validity of legal acts.The doctrine of priority demarcates the boundary of the avoidance right,which is ancillary to the civil enforcement.However,the creditor s avoidance right will apply doctrine of equality in exceptional cases because of the imperfection of bankruptcy law in China,where some functions of the bankruptcy law are assumed by civil enforcement.Due to the lack of judicial lien,creditor s avoidance right in China should be implemented with doctrine of priority in Procedural Law by adjusting relative civil procedure rules.

关 键 词：保罗诉权 欺诈转让 实体优先主义 程序优先主义 责任之诉 

分 类 号：D923.3[政治法律—民商法学]