论《民法典》背景下真正利益第三人在仲裁中的法律地位——兼谈《仲裁法》的修改  

On the Legal Status of Third-party Beneficiary in Arbitration in the Context of the Civil Code—Also on the Amendment of the Arbitration Law

作　　者：南迪 Nan Di

机构地区：[1]武汉大学国际法研究所、武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2023年第4期154-169,共16页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：2022年度教育部哲学社会科学重大研究专项“坚持统筹推进国内法治与涉外法治研究”项目(2022JZDZ005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》第522条第2款首次确立了真正利益第三人合同制度。《仲裁法》尚未确立真正利益第三人在仲裁中的法律地位,司法裁判对此也未形成统一意见,这使得真正利益第三人难以通过仲裁程序实现其对基础合同权利的主张。由于仲裁条款具有程序法契约属性,真正利益第三人对基础合同权利的承认,不能当然地涵盖仲裁条款。对合同相对性原则的突破是真正利益第三人的仲裁法律地位得以确立的基础。一方面,利益第三人制度是对合同相对性原则的有限突破,这本身就是合同相对性理论和实践发展的重要表现;另一方面,仲裁条款效力及于对合同享有请求权的特定第三人,也符合基础合同当事人订立仲裁条款的目的和期待。因此,确立利益第三人在仲裁中的法律地位并不存在理论上的障碍。在路径选择上,个案解释使真正利益第三人的仲裁权利成为不确定性权利,无法满足其对法律明确统一的需求。建议把握此次《仲裁法》修改契机,借鉴比较法经验并结合我国修法实践,以特别规定的形式使仲裁条款在真正利益第三人主张合同权利时对其有效。The provision in Article 522,Paragraph 2 of Civil Code establishes for the first time the contract for third-party beneficiary.The Arbitration Law does not establish the legal status of third-party beneficiary,and judicial decisions also have not formed a unified opinion on this matter,which make it difficult for third-party beneficiary to realize its claim to the underlying contractual rights through arbitration proceedings.Due to the contractual nature of the arbitration clause in procedural law,the recognition of the underlying contractral rights of the third-party beneficiary cannot ipso facto cover arbitration clause.The breakthrough of the principle of contractual privity is the basis for the establishment of the legal status of third-party beneficiary in arbitration.On the one hand,the third-party beneficiary system is a limited breakthrough of the principle of contractual privity,which itself is an important manifestation of the development of the theory and practice of contractual privity;on the other hand,the effect of the arbitration clause extends to the specific third party who has the right to claim on the contract,which is also in line with the purpose and expectation of the parties to the underlying contract to conclude the arbitrations clause.Therefore,there is no theoretical obstacle to establishing the legal status of third-party beneficiary in arbitration.In terms of the choice of legal path,the case-by-case interpretation makes the arbitration right of third-party beneficiary uncertain and fails to meet its demand for legal clarity and uniformity.It is suggested to seize the opportunity of this amendment of the Arbitration Law,draw on the experience of comparative law and combine it with the practice of law amendment in China,and make the arbitration clause effective for the third-party beneficiary when they claim their contractual rights in the form of special provisions.

关 键 词：真正利益第三人 仲裁协议 程序权利 效力扩张 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D925.7[政治法律—法学]