一种炭基有机肥对“大豆-大豆蚜-异色瓢虫”系统的影响  

Effects of a carbon-based organic fertilizer on “Glycine max-Aphis glycines-Harmonia axyridis”

作　　者：张宏钰 赛序岐 李俊鹏 付雪 叶乐夫[1] ZHANG Hongyu;SAI Xuqi;LI Junpeng;FU Xue;YE Lefu(College of Plant Protection,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China;College of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment,Heilongjiang University,Harbin 150080,China)

机构地区：[1]东北农业大学植物保护学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150030 [2]黑龙江大学现代农业与生态环境学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150080

出　　处：《中山大学学报（自然科学版）（中英文）》2023年第4期73-82,共10页Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni

基　　金：国家重点研发计划重点专项(2017YFD0300506);东北农业大学学术骨干项目(518501);黑龙江省省属高等学校基本科研业务费基础研究项目(KJCX201820)。

摘　　要：有机肥能否通过强化作物营养促成自身代谢物的合成,增加植物的抗虫特性,影响植株上取食的植食性昆虫及其捕食性天敌个体的生理生化指标和种群指标,从而为植物保护的免疫学方法提供理论基础。本研究以“大豆-蚜虫-瓢虫”为研究对象,分别构建有机肥和化肥(无蚜无瓢、有蚜无瓢、有蚜有瓢) 6个处理;测定各处理组中大豆植株株高、地上地下生物量、大豆蚜种群数量动态、瓢虫发育历期、蛹质量,以及各处理中大豆、蚜虫、瓢虫的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)/过氧化氢酶(CAT)/谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性水平等指标。主要结果如下:(1)在“有蚜有瓢”最接近田间情况的大豆植株上施用有机肥会导致大豆植株显著“矮化”(-12.3%,P=0.021 1)。(2)有机肥在第7天时显著减少苗期大豆蚜种群数量(-25.9%,P=0.024 9,P=0.057 5),在第5个观测点减少有翅蚜数量(-40.7%)。(3)有机肥升高瓢虫蛹质量(2.4%),缩短瓢虫幼虫(-2.5%)和蛹的发育历期(-13.4%)。(4)大豆抗逆酶活性受到有机肥显著影响,SOD活性下降20.7%,CAT活性升高14.8%,GST活性升高27.8%。有机肥能够在有蚜有瓢接近田间实际的条件下优化作物性状,对同时受植物寄主及瓢虫天敌调节的植食性昆虫表现为中和的种群受抑制;有翅蚜减少,传毒潜力下降;对瓢虫天敌能够提供更好的营养条件,表现为蛹质量增加,低龄幼虫发育加快等变化。因此,有机肥对植物害虫免疫力的增强有积极影响。Whether the organic fertilizer can promote the synthesis of its own metabolites by strengthening crop nutrition,increasing the insect resistance of plants,thus affecting the physiological and biochemical indicators and population indicators of herbivorous insects and their predatory natural enemies that feed on plants,which can provide a theoretical basis for immunological methods of plant protection.In this study,“Glycine max-Aphis glycines-Harmonia axyridis”was taken as the research object,and six treatments of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were constructed,namely,without aphid and without ladybug,with aphid and without ladybug,with aphid and ladybug;The plant height,aboveground and underground biomass of soybean in each treatment group,the population dynamics of soybean aphid,the development duration of ladybug,pupa weight and the SOD/CAT/GST activity level of soybean,aphid and ladybug in each treatment group were measured.The main results are as follows:(1)Applying organic fertilizer on the soybean plant with“aphids and ladybird”closest to the field situation will lead to significan“t dwarfing”of the soybean plant(−12.3%,P=0.0211).(2)On the 7th day,organic fertilizer significantly reduced the number of soybean aphids in seedling stage(−25.9%,P=0.0249,P=0.0575),and the number of winged aphids in the fifth observation point(−40.7%).(3)Organic fertilizer increased the weight of ladybird pupae(2.4%),shortened the larval(−2.5%)and pupal development duration(−13.4%)of ladybirds.(4)The activity of soybean stress resistant enzyme was significantly affected by organic fertilizer.The activity of SOD decreased by 20.7%,the activity of CAT increased by 14.8%,and the activity of GST increased by 27.8%.Organic fertilizer can optimize crop characters when aphids and ladybirds are close to the actual conditions in the field,and inhibit the neutral population of phytophagous insects regulated by both plant hosts and ladybird natural enemies;The number of winged aphids decreased,and the poten

关 键 词：异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis) 炭基有机肥 三级营养系统 抗逆酶 

分 类 号：S435.29[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]