《园冶·兴造论》“主”字所指对象推论与解读  

Inference and Interpretation of the Objects Referred to by the Character"Zhu"in Crafts of Gardens-Construction Theory

作　　者：汪晓东[1] 牛佳伟 

机构地区：[1]集美大学美术与设计学院

出　　处：《创意与设计》2023年第3期76-83,共8页Creation and Design

基　　金：福建省社科项目(FJ2021B177)。

摘　　要：《园冶·兴造论》中出现的9个“主”字有动词与名词两种使用形式。作动词时根据动作发出者不同可以意为“任命”“以……为主”或“主持”“主导”,作名词时根据句意有“主持营建活动的人”(设计师)“主持造园活动的人”(造园师)以及“建筑所有者”(园林所有者)3种完全不同的含义。从《兴造论》中对于“主”的讨论与使用可以看出:《园冶》的理想观者是有意成为“第园筑之主”的人群而非士绅阶级;明末造园师需要听命于园林所有者,造园师无法在园林营建活动中起到主导作用;《园冶》是造园师要求重新划分营建权责的结果,强调园林营建活动应以造园师为主。The nine"Zhu"(主)characters in Crafts of Gardens-Construction Theory have two forms of usage,verb and noun.When used as a verb,it can mean"appoint","mainly dominated by"or"preside over","lead"according to different actors.When used as a noun,it has three completely different meanings according to the sentence meaning,namely"the person in charge of construction activities"(the designer),"the gardener"and"the owner of the building"(the owner of the garden).From the discussion and use of"Zhu"(主)in Construction Theory,it can be seen that the ideal viewer of Crafts of Gardens is the people who intend to be the owner of the garden,rather than the gentry class;At the end of the Ming Dynasty,the gardeners need to obey the owner of the garden,and the gardeners cannot play a leading role in garden construction activities.Crafts of Gardens is the product of the gardeners'request to re-divide the garden construction rights and responsibilities,emphasizing that the garden construction activities should be dominated by gardeners.

关 键 词：园冶 兴造论 造园师 工匠 

分 类 号：TU986[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]