鉴定意见可靠性问题研究  

Research on the Reliability of Appraisal Opinions

作　　者：张保生 董帅 ZHANG Baosheng;DONG Shuai(Key Laboratory of Evidence Science,Ministry of Education,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China;Center of Cooperative Innovation for Judicial Civilization,Beijing 100088,China;Base for Felony Procuratorial Evidence Analysis and Research,The Supreme People’s Procuratorate,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学证据科学教育部重点实验室,北京100088 [2]司法文明协同创新中心,北京100088 [3]最高人民检察院重罪检察证据分析研究基地,北京100088

出　　处：《中国司法鉴定》2023年第3期9-20,共12页Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences

摘　　要：鉴定意见可靠性是证据可信性的一个重要维度,与相关性之证据准入门槛相比,可靠性是鉴定意见证据品质高低的主要指征,不可靠的鉴定意见会成为事实认定错误之源。增强鉴定意见的可靠性有三个主要途径:一是加强鉴定过程质量管理,包括重视预评估(合同评审)程序的作用,建立检材来源全程可追溯机制,维护司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人的“中立性”;二是完善鉴定意见法庭举证、质证程序,包括辨认鉴真证人凭借亲身知识、司法鉴定人运用专门知识对鉴定材料同一性或真实性的证明,律师和专家辅助人对鉴定意见可靠性的质证;三是法官对鉴定意见基础有效性和应用有效性的认证“把关”。在鉴定意见基础有效性审查中,关键是把握一项具体法庭科学技术的“错误率”和“法庭科学技术标准”。同时,还探索了鉴定全过程似然比量化控制的国际理念。The reliability of forensic expertise is an important dimension of the credibility of evidence.Compared with the threshold of evidence entry of relevance,reliability is the main indication of the quality of forensic evidence,and unreliable forensic expertise becomes the source of the error of fact-finding.We think there are three main ways to enhance the reliability of forensic expertise:The first is to strengthen the quality management of forensic examination process,including attaching importance to the role of pre-evaluation procedure,establishing the traceability mechanism of the materials,and maintaining the“neutrality”of forensic institutions and forensic practitioners.The second is to improve the production and cross-examination of the forensic expertise in court,including the proof of the identity or authenticity of materials by identification or authentication witnesses with their personal knowledge,and forensic practitioners presenting their forensic expertise,the cross-examination of the forensic expertise by lawyers and expert-assistants.The third is the deliberation of the“foundational validity”and the“validity as applied”of the forensic expertise by judges.While reviewing the“foundational validity”,the key is to grasp the“error rate”and“forensic technology standard”.Besides,we explore the quantitative control idea of the likelihood ratio in the whole process of forensic examination.

关 键 词：鉴定意见 可靠性 鉴定管理 法庭审理 似然比 

分 类 号：D918.9[政治法律—法学] D925.2