论宋代建筑营造业中的劳役制度——以匠役为考察中心  

Labor System in the Song Dynasty Construction Industry as Evidenced by the Labor of Craftsmen

作　　者：李合群[1] Li Hequn(School of History and Culture,Henan University,Kaifeng 475000,China)

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院,河南开封475000

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第2期40-52,共13页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(21ZDA081)。

摘　　要：宋代建筑营造业中的劳作人员,史料中多称为“丁匠”,包括无技术的丁夫(又称“杂役”)与有技术的工匠。丁匠的服役地点可分为京师与地方。京师的丁匠隶属于八作司等京师营造机构,其工匠主要从地方征调而来;地方上的丁匠主要来源于厢军以及按籍而征的差雇者。和雇丁匠与刑徒亦活跃于当时的建筑营造业。宋代工匠可分为木匠、砖匠、石匠、竹匠、彩画匠等,并被划分为作头、都作头、都料匠等不同等级,且与报酬多少挂钩。丁匠的劳动报酬包括米粮与货币两种,并享有休假、医疗、养老等劳保待遇。而在奖罚方面,主要是针对工匠的,奖励包括赏赐与升官等,处罚主要是针对质量事故。宋代史料中多有“役兵”“兵匠”“军匠”之称,表明他们已经脱离了原来的军事职能,演变为京师与地方上一支重要的建设力量。The Song Dynasty is a prosperous period of the construction industry which formed a set perfect labor system.The laborers in the construction industry were often called“dingjiang”(丁匠)in historical documents,including unskilled laborers and skilled craftsmen.The latter is the focus of this paper because it is related to building quality and the prosperity of the industry.Based on abundant historical and archaeological data,this paper systematically discusses these dingjiang who served in the capital and local areas of the Song Dynasty,in terms of their source,dispatch,labor,payment,vacation,medical treatment,old-age care,rewards,and punishment,etc.This is an important part of the labor system of the Song Dynasty,and it can also be used as reference for today’s project management.In the Northern Song Dynasty,Jiangzuo jian(将作监),a central building management agency,was formed.There were also some building construction agencies,such as the East and West Eight Construction Institutions(东西八作司),Imperial Palace Construction Institution(提举修内司),Building the Capital City Wall Organization(修完京城所),etc.as well as building material processing organizations,such as Shicai chang(事材场)and the East and West Kiln Administration(东西窑务)and so on.The dingjiang of these institutions had lifelong employment in the capital.Some of these craftsmen were leftovers from the Later Zhou period of the Five Dynasties,and some came from the destroyed Ten States.Others were recruited from all over the country.The criteria for recruitment were youth,strength,and skill.In addition to the lifelong craftsmen of these official institutions,local craftsmen were also recruited every year to supplement them,as well as temporary recruitment in case of large projects.The employment period should not go beyond the completion of the project and overtime employment was not allowed.In addition,the criminals and the Imperial Guards(禁军)also participated in the construction of the capital Kaifeng,which co

关 键 词：宋代 建筑营造业 劳役制度 丁匠 工匠 厢军 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学] TU-092[历史地理—中国史]