《民法典》收养规则体系解释的三重视野  

A Systematic Interpretation of Adoption Rules in the Civil Code from Triple Perspectives

作　　者：朱晶晶 Zhu Jingjing(School of Law,Zhejiang University of Finance&Economics,Hangzhou 310018,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江财经大学法学院,浙江杭州310018

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第2期155-168,共14页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：2021年浙江省哲学社会科学规划年度课题青年项目(21NDQN259YB)。

摘　　要：对《民法典》收养章规则的理解,应以最有利于被收养人原则为根本,依据规则内容,分别从收养章微观体系、婚姻家庭编中观体系和《民法典》宏观体系三重视野展开。在收养章微观体系视野中,需考虑丧失“父母”的类型、父母抛弃的意愿等因素,对《民法典》第一千零九十三条第一项和第二项中的被收养人进行类型化;区分广义和狭义两个层面的“特殊困难”,将其内涵认定与监护能力相联结,以此解释第一千零九十三条第三项中的被收养人。未成年子女的姓氏选取规则应纳入婚姻家庭编中观体系中理解。基于养父母与生父母亲权的平等性,养子女姓氏选取可适用《民法典》第一千一百一十二条和第一千零一十五条。在变更养子女姓氏时,应根据最有利于被收养人原则确定变更的妥适性。在《民法典》宏观体系视野中,法律行为规则仅能部分适用于收养行为。收养行为效力样态分为有效与无效。法律行为的效力待定事由和可撤销事由都违反最有利于被收养人原则,在收养中应对其作无效评价。收养关系的解除可分为法定解除、合意解除和司法解除。基于收养关系的特殊性,解除事由和解除程序应受严格限制。解除收养关系的法律效果不具有溯及力,财产性义务表现为对养父母的“补偿”。这种“补偿”具有公平责任和赔偿责任的双重属性。Derived from the Marriage Law and judicial interpretations related to adoption,China’s adoption system was developed in the Adoption Law,and has been incorporated into the Marriage and Family Book,a part of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China.In the process of improvement,the rules of the adoption system have evolved in two dimensions.One is to establish close associations with the Marriage and Family Book,and the other is to introduce the rationale of private law underlying the Civil Code.This fact urges one to change the way of interpreting the rules set out in the Chapter V“Adoption”of the Civil Code from interpreting specific articles independently to following“the principle of serving the best interests of the adoptee”.It requires rule interpretation to be conducted from triple perspectives,namely the micro system of Chapter V“Adoption”,the medium system of the Marriage and Family Book and the macro system of the Civil Code,which constitutes the basic framework for the systematic interpretation of the adoption rules.In terms of the micro system,it is of vital importance to define the scope of adoptees.In order to classify the adoptees as defined in Subparagraphs(1)and(2)of Article 1093 in the Civil Code,such factors as the types of bereaved“parents”and the willingness of parents to abandon their children are worth careful consideration.To understand the adoptees stipulated in Subparagraph(3)of Article 1093,the“unusual difficulties”should be identified in both broad and narrow terms.In a broad sense,“unusual difficulties”include situations where the parents of a minor are both persons without full capacity for civil conduct and may do serious harm to the minor.The identification of these“unusual difficulties”should be connected with the loss of capacity for guardianship.With respect to the medium system of the Marriage and Family Book,the selection of family names for minors should be examined from this perspective.Besides Article 1112 of Chapter V“Adoption”in

关 键 词：收养 最有利于被收养人原则 民法典 婚姻家庭编 体系解释 

分 类 号：D923.9[政治法律—民商法学]