晚清时期有关澳洲、新西兰排华立法的中外交涉  

The Negotiations between China and Foreign Countries on the Chinese Exclusion Legislations in Australia and New Zealand during the Late Qing Period

作　　者：张丽[1] Zhang Li

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（中国近代史）》2021年第9期37-48,共12页MODERN HISTORY OF CHINA

基　　金：中国社会科学院创新工程重大项目《新西兰华侨华人史研究》。

摘　　要：19世纪中叶华人以淘金热为契机进入英国殖民地澳洲、新西兰以后,当地相继出台排华法案,对华人移民施加程度不同的限制。1887年,清政府首度就澳、新地区的排华立法向英政府提出交涉,恰在此时,发生了澳洲阻止华人移民登岸并将大部分乘客遣回中国香港的“阿富汗”号事件。由于中外条约的不对等性质以及中美之间草签了禁止华工入美的条约,中方在交涉中处于绝对劣势地位,清政府就“阿富汗”号事件本身以及排华立法的多次抗议毫无效果,反倒是澳、新各殖民地趁势果断决策,同时推进英国对华条约谈判与本地立法,以阻止华人向澳、新移民,且此一决策得到了英国政府的支持。中英缔约谈判失败后,澳洲和新西兰在“白澳”“白新”的国策下迅速颁行更为严苛的华人移民限制法案。1909年中国政府向澳、新派驻外交代表以后,再度提出交涉,试图谋求放宽某些重点人群的入境限制,基本上未能如愿。晚清时期中方就澳、新排华立法的连番交涉及其失败,充分反映出中国国运沉沦年代中外关系的实质。In the middle of the 19th century,the Chinese took the opportunity of gold rush to enter the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand.Since then,the local authorities introduced Chinese exclusion legislations one after another,imposing restrictions of varying degrees on Chinese immigrants.In 1887,the Qing government made its first representations to the British government on the Chinese exclusion legislations in Australia and New Zealand.Just then,there occurred the"Afghan"Incident in which Australia prevented Chinese immigrants from landing and sent most passengers back to Hong Kong.Because of the unequal nature of the Sino-foreign treaties,and because China and the US initialed a treaty of prohibiting Chinese workers from entering the US,China was at an absolute disadvantage in the negotiations,The Qing government's repeated protests over the"Afghan"Incident itself and the Chinese exclusion legislations were ineffective.Instead,the Australian and New Zealand colonies took advantage of the situation to make resolute decisions,and at the same time pushed forward the treaty negotiations between Britain and China and local legislative processes,to prevent Chinese from immigrating to Australia and New Zealand.And the decisions were supported by the British government.After the failure of the Sino-British negotiations,Australia and New Zealand quickly enacted more stringent Chinese immigration restriction legislations under the national policies of"White Australia"and"White New Zealand".In 1909,the Chinese government sent diplomatic representatives to Australia and New Zealand and renewed representations,trying to relax the entry restrictions of some key groups,but on the whole failed.In the late Qing period,China's successive negotiations on the Chinese exclusion legislations of Australia and New Zealand and their failures fully reflected the essence of the Sino-foreign relations in the era of the decline of China's national fortune.

关 键 词：华人移民 排华法案 “阿富汗”号事件 “白澳”政策 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]