企业数据权益:控制、排他性与可转让性  

Enterprise Data Rights: Control, Exclusivity, and Transferability

作　　者：姚佳 YAO Jia

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学 [2]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《法学评论》2023年第4期149-159,共11页Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“大数据时代个人数据保护与数据权利体系研究”(项目批准号:18ZDA146)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：基于数据主体对自身数据的观念控制,立法设定了一系列权利,企业作为自身数据的生成主体,理应基于控制而享有相应数据权益。数据控制与数据持有相比,前者更加体现为事实与规范的二重特征,而数据持有只有在个案的动态比较中才能形成相应法律评价。理解企业数据权益的排他性,应引入产权思维,系在产权比较之中,判定更优的产权。排他性是划定产权边界的标尺,但其本身并非均质呈现,而是表现为一个排他的幅度或光谱,因此排他性的界定往往需由治理规则支撑,进而使数据权益转让和市场交易成为可能。企业数据权益的可转让性体现着数据的交换价值和效率,以数据的确权授权、技术加入等为基础,并存在经营、许可使用、融资担保、入股等多种可能。在“产权—激励—经济行为”的逻辑下,实定法和法政策应当进一步体现规则的合理性和有效性,以推动市场发展与技术创新。Based on data subjects'conceptual control over their own data,legislation has established a series of rights.Enterprises,as the subjects of generating their own data,should enjoy corresponding data rights based on the data control.Compared with data holding,data control reflects in the dual characteristics of facts and norms,while data holding can only get the legal evaluations in the dynamic comparison of individual cases.To understand the exclusivity of enterprise data rights,we should introduce property rights thinking and determine the better property rights based on property rights comparison.Exclusivity defines the boundaries of property rights,but it is not presented uniformly,but rather as an exclusive amplitude or spectrum.The definition of exclusivity often needs to be supported by governance rules,and makes the transfer of data rights and market transactions possible.The transferability of enterprise data rights reflects the exchange value and efficiency of data,based on the authorization of data rights,technology addition,and there are various possibilities such as operation,licensing,financing guarantee,and shareholding.On the basis of"property rights-incentives-economic behavior",laws and policies should further reflect the rationality and effectiveness of rules to promote market development and technological innovation.

关 键 词：企业数据 数据控制 排他性 可转让性 数据治理 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学] D912.1[政治法律—法学]