清初的康区贸易管控及其原因探析  

Trade Control in Khams during the Early Qing Dynasty and Its Reasons

作　　者：李志英[1] 田茂旺[2] Li Zhiying;Tian Maowang(Center for Tibetan Studies,Sichuan University,Chengdu,610064,Sichuan;School of Ethnology and Sociology,Southwest Minzu University,Chengdu,610041,Sichuan,China)

机构地区：[1]四川大学中国藏学研究所,四川成都610064 [2]西南民族大学民族学与社会学学院西南民族研究院,四川成都610041

出　　处：《民族学刊》2023年第3期126-133,155,共9页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“清代打箭炉榷关与汉藏贸易发展研究”(20XMZ007);四川大学铸牢中华民族共同体意识基地资助阶段性成果。

摘　　要：明末清初,打箭炉及金沙江地区作为贸易重镇,逐渐成为蒙藏贸易集散地和交往通道。吴三桂叛清后,清政府在无力用兵青藏地区的态势下,对这一日益兴盛的蒙藏贸易重镇区忧虑有二:一是忧心蒙古人以贸易为由头,通过这些区域与吴三桂勾结,使得大势已去的吴三桂流窜到青海、西藏一带;二是担心大量的战马通过茶马互市流动到吴三桂等反清势力手中,对清朝有所不利。是故,为防御蒙藏联合势力南扩过程中,与吴三桂及其后继者形成联合态势,阻止吴三桂等反清势力向青藏地区逃窜,清朝于1681-1683年对打箭炉、金沙江等地区的蒙藏贸易活动实行了强有力的管控措施。其措施主要是在丽江、鹤庆、金沙江、中甸、打箭炉等地相继颁布贸易禁令,以此控制蒙藏在云南周边区域贸易活动。这一贸易管控措施使得蒙古在康区的贸易范围大为缩小,并以大量康区蒙古驻军撤出为条件,再次换得有限的贸易市场。Since the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,Dajianlu(or Dar-rtse-mdo)and some other places along the Jinsha River in Khams,gradually became the main hub of trade,political,cultural,and religious exchanges between the Qing,Mongols,and Tibetans.In the late 17th century,Mongolian and Tibetan units successively entered the southern part of Khams,and at the same time Wu Sangui rebelled against the Qing Dynasty.In this context,the Khams as a middle ground gradually became a principal area where the Qing,Mongols,and Tibetans interacted and competed with each other.The trading activities on Dajianlu and the Jinsha River became an important economic and political activity,allowing for the interaction and exchange between Mongols,Tibetans,Han,and Manchus.This is why the Qing Dynasty also started to pay great attention to the trading activities in this region.Then,how and why the Qing dynasty controlled trade around the Dajianlu area from 1681 to 1683?Based on Chinese,Tibetan,and Manchu documents,these issues have been examined in this paper.Historical records indicate that after Wu Sangui's rebellion against the Qing dynasty,the Qing government was busy with a grip on northwestern Junggar Mongolia,and no longer had a hand to deal with Tibetan affairs.This increasingly prosperous center of trade between Mongolian and Tibetan turned into a headache for the Qing Dynasty.Emperor Kangxi was worried that Mongol trade would become a pretext for Mongol-Tibetan units to secretly ally with Wu Sangui in Dajianlu and the places along the Jinsha River in Khams.Moreover,he also wanted to prevent Wu Sangui,who found himself in a hopeless situation,from escaping to Qinghai and Tibet.At the same time,Emperor Kangxi was also concerned that a large number of war horses were being funneled through the tea-horse market to Wu Sangui and other forces hostile to the Qing Dynasty,damaging the Qing Dynasty.Based on the above considerations,the Qing government decided to impose strong control measures on the Mongolian-Tibetan trade activities in Da

关 键 词：吴三桂叛清 清朝 康区 贸易管控 

分 类 号：C952[社会学—民族学]