多维视角下的伊朗水资源问题探析  

Exploring Iran's Water Crisis from a Multidimensional Perspective

作　　者：曹华 谢书缘 CAO Hua;XIE Shuyuan(Chongqing University of Postssand Telecommunications;Chinese University of Hong Kong;Centre for Iranian Studies,Southwest University)

机构地区：[1]重庆邮电大学国际学院,重庆400065 [2]西南大学伊朗研究中心,重庆400715

出　　处：《阿拉伯世界研究》2023年第2期132-157,160,共27页Arab World Studies

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金重点项目“中东跨界水资源争端研究”(20ASS003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：2021年伊朗胡齐斯坦省大规模抗议活动揭示了水资源短缺问题影响社会稳定和国家安全的严峻现实。宏观而言,伊朗水资源问题是国家发展模式转变和多种现实因素叠加作用的结果。20世纪50年代以来,巴列维王朝为推进现代化建设,引入美国田纳西河模式,使伊朗水管理模式由坎儿井时代向水利时代过渡,伊朗发展模式也由低限度的可持续发展向以环境为代价的高速发展转型。1979年伊斯兰共和国建立后,延续巴列维王朝的水资源管理模式和发展模式,使伊朗水资源承受着更大的压力。20世纪末至今,气候干旱、人口增长、国际冲突等因素使得伊朗水资源问题日趋严重并波及民生、经济领域,最终升级为一个紧迫的政治问题。伊朗政府通过开拓水源和推行节水等多种措施缓解用水矛盾,虽然取得了一定成效,但受伊朗整体发展水平和特定政策导向的影响,水资源问题将继续是伊朗政府不得不面对的重大问题。The mass protests in Khuzestan province in 2021 reveal the grim reality that water shortages are seriously affecting Iran's social stability and national security.From a macro perspective,Iran's water crisis is the result of a shift in the country's development pattern and the overlapping of multiple realities.Since the 1950s,the Pahlavi dynasty imported the US Tennessee River model to promote modernisation,which led to the transition of Iran's water management pattern from the Qanats era to the Hydraulic era,and the transition of Iran's development pattern from low sustainable development to high-speed development at the cost of the environment.In 1979 after the establishment of the Islamic Republic,the continuation of the Pahlavi dynasty's water management and development pattern has put Iran's water resources under even greater pressure.In the late 2Oth century to the present,factors such as climatic drought,population growth and international conflicts have made Iran's water problems increasingly serious,affecting people's livelihoods,the economic sphere and eventually escalating into a pressing political issue.Although the Iranian government has achieved some success in alleviating water conflicts through various measures such as developing water sources and promoting water conservation,the water crisis will continue to be a major problem that the Iranian government has to face due to the overall level of development and specific policy directions.

关 键 词：伊朗 水资源问题 水政策 水治理 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]