长寿时代老年人的年龄重构及退休政策调整  

Age Reconstruction and Retirement Policy Adjustment of the Elderly in the Age of Longevity

作　　者：原新[1] 张圣健 YUAN Xin;ZHANG Shengjian(School of Economics,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学经济学院,天津300071

出　　处：《人口与经济》2023年第4期124-136,共13页Population & Economics

基　　金：研究阐释党的十九届六中全会精神国家社会科学基金重大项目“人口负增长时代的国家人口发展战略研究”(22ZDA098)。

摘　　要：人口老龄化不断加深是未来发展的人口基础,既有挑战又有机遇。老年人是社会财富而非包袱,创新认识老年人和开发老年人力资源势在必行。我国老龄社会呈现出长寿化与少子化并行、年龄老龄化与能力年轻化并存、寿命持续延长与退休年龄停滞同在、受教育年限增加与生命周期的生产性时长缩短共存等一系列矛盾。现行的国家法律、政策、规划等文件中均以60岁为老年门槛年龄标准,这是缘起于20世纪50年代初期制定的男60岁、女55岁和50岁退休的年龄标准,与人口和经济社会发展现实及未来已经严重脱节,亟待改革。21世纪中叶以前的平均预期寿命继续延长、低龄老龄化特征以及同一年龄节点的老年人能力“年轻化”趋势,创造了重构老年人年龄和改革退休政策的窗口期。基于老年人健康状况、劳动能力和劳动意愿的深入分析,提出在实践中增强老年界定和制度安排的灵活性,促进理论和政策向老年人口“年轻化”的现实靠拢。未来建议:一是完善以弹性退休为主导的延迟退休配套政策,将退休时机的选择权交给个人;二是施行平滑渐进式的退休过程,让退休过程与个体的衰老过程相吻合;三是制度支撑和民生牵引共同保障老年人劳动意愿充分发挥,助力粗放的人力资源开发方式向精细化转型。The deepening of population aging is the demographic basis for future development,which presents both a challenge and an opportunity.The elderly are social wealth rather than a burden.It is imperative to innovate the understanding of the elderly and develop their human resources.In the process of deepening aging,China’s aging society presents a series of contradictions such as parallel existence of longevity and low fertility,physical ageing and ability rejuvenating,continuous increasing of life expectancy and stagnation of retirement age,delaying of graduation and shortening of length of service of life cycle,etc.The current laws,policies,plans and other documents take 60 years old as the threshold age standard for elderly,as well as retirement age limit of 60 years old for men,55 or 50 years old for women,which originated in the early 1950s.They are lagged behind the reality and future of demographic,economic and social development,which need the urgent reform.According to the law of population development,the continuous extension of average life expectancy before the middle of this century,the characteristics of aging at a young age and the trend of“rejuvenation”of the ability of the elderly at the same age have created a window period for reconstructing the age of the elderly and reforming the retirement policy.Based on the in-deep analysis of health condition,working ability and willingness to work of the elderly,it is proposed to enhance the flexibility of the definition and institutional arrangement of elderly in practice,so as to promote the theory and policy to get closer to the reality of the“younger”of the elderly population.It is suggested that:1)We should improve the supporting policy of delayed retirement led by flexible retirement,and give the right to choose the timing of retirement to individuals.2)It is necessary to implement a smooth and gradual retirement process,so that the retirement process coincides with the aging process of individuals.3)Institutional support and the traction of

关 键 词：人口老龄化 老年定义 低龄老年人 延迟退休 

分 类 号：C913.6[经济管理] F241[社会学]