个人信息泄露侵权的证明责任问题——以不明第三人侵权为中心  

Burden of Proof in the Personal Information Leakage Litigations--Focus on Tort of Unknown Third-party

作　　者：吴泽勇 Wu Zeyong

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院

出　　处：《地方立法研究》2023年第4期1-18,共18页Local Legislation Journal

基　　金：2022年国家社会科学基金项目“《民法典》实施中的证明责任疑难问题研究”(22BFX050);2022年国家社会科学基金重大项目“我国民法典编撰重大问题研究”(22&ZD205)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在不明第三人利用平台掌握的个人信息进行侵权的案件中,如果权利人向个人信息处理者追责,就需要证明是后者泄露了其个人信息。就此存在一定的证明困境,但不需要通过证明责任倒置或者证明标准降低来缓解。经由“权利人进行可期待的初步举证—法官形成临时心证—平台进行可期待的反证—法官形成终极心证”这一路径,法官仍然可以对待证事实形成内心确信。至于被告提出还存在其他个人信息控制者的主张,在性质上属于对其不当个人信息处理行为与权利人损害之因果关系的否认,主张者应当对此进行必要的证明。如果被告证明第三方平台同样有可能泄露权利人个人信息,则案件转而适用共同危险行为责任,权利人有权申请追加该第三方平台作为共同被告。而案件的证据调查进程,并不会因此受到实质性影响。这一分析表明,即使对于网络时代的新型案件,经典证明责任原理也仍有用武之地。In cases where unknown third-party uses personal information held by the platform for tort,if the obligee holds the personal information processor accountable,he needs to prove that the latter leaked his personal information.There are certain difficulties in proving this,but such difficulties need not be relieved by reversing the burden of proof or lowering the standard of proof.Through the path of“expectant preliminary proof by the obligee—temporary inner conviction by the judge—expectant counter proof by the platform—ultimate inner conviction by the judge”,the judge can still form inner conviction towards the facts to be proven.As for the defendant's claim that there are other personal information controllers,it is a denial of the causality in nature,and the claimant should provide necessary evidence for this.If the defendant proves that the third-party platform may also leak the personal information,the case will be subject to the liability of joint dangerous act,and the obligee has the right to apply for the addition of the third-party platform as a joint defendant.As a result,the evidence investigation process of the case will not be materially affected.This analysis indicates that even for new cases in the internet era,the classic principle of burden of proof still has its significance.

关 键 词：个人信息泄露 第三人侵权 证明责任 证明标准 共同危险行为 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学]