控释尿素掺混比例对旱地玉米产量、无机氮含量及氮肥利用率的影响  

Effects of blend ratio of controlled-release urea and normal urea on yield,inorganic nitrogen content and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in the dryland area of Eastern Gansu Province

作　　者：张建军[1] 党翼[1] 赵刚[1] 王磊[1] 周刚[1] 李尚中[1] 樊廷录[1] 王淑英[1] ZHANG Jian-jun;DANG Yi;ZHAO Gang;WANG Lei;ZHOU Gang;LI Shang-zhong;FAN Ting-lu;WANG Shu-ying(Institute of Dryland,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water in Dry Faming of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The Jiont Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Gansu Province for Crop Drought Resistance,Yield Increment and Rainwater Efficient Utilization on Rain-fed Area,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室/农业农村部西北旱地作物绿色低碳重点实验室/部省共建农业农村部旱地作物抗逆增产及雨水高效利用重点实验室,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第6期1025-1036,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900700);甘肃省农业科学院院列项目(2019GAAS28,2021GAAS23);制种玉米关键栽培技术研发团队引进项目(MNSZZDX-2021-02);国家自然科学基金项目(41561067)。

摘　　要：【目的】控释尿素一次性轻简化施肥技术应用于陇东旱塬区春玉米生产增产效果显著。本研究从控释尿素与普通尿素掺混施用对玉米产量、土壤无机氮含量、酶活性及氮肥利用率的影响角度,研究其增产机理。【方法】2020—2021年连续两年在陇东旱塬的庆阳市镇原县梧桐村,以‘先玉335’为供试品种开展了玉米田间试验。在施N 225 kg/hm^(2)的前提下,设置5个控释尿素与普通尿素的掺混比例:100%普通尿素(N0:10)、100%控释尿素(N10:0)、30%控释尿素+70%普通尿素(N3:7)、50%控释尿素+50%普通尿素(N5:5)、70%控释尿素+30%普通尿素(N7:3),以不施氮处理(N0)为对照。调查了玉米产量,0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量、酶活性,计算了氮肥利用率和籽粒品质。【结果】控释尿素与普通尿素掺混显著增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,提高了玉米产量,以N7:3处理两年平均产量最高(16618 kg/hm^(2)),较N0:10、N10:0和N0处理分别增产20.1%、13.6%和55.6%;纯收益和产投比较N0:10处理分别增加了0.71万元/hm^(2)和16.3%,较N10:0处理分别增加了0.55万元/hm^(2)和15.2%。N3:7、N5:5、N7:3比N0:10和N10:0处理显著降低了0—40 cm土层NO_(3)^(-)-N含量,比N0处理显著提高了0—20 cm土层土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N和NH_(4)^(+)-N含量,明显阻隔了NO_(3)^(-)-N向深层淋失。N3:7、N5:5、N7:3比N0:10、N10:0和N0处理降低了秸秆氮积累量,并相应提高了籽粒氮积累量,以N7:3处理效果最显著。随控释尿素掺混比例增加,土壤硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性呈增加趋势,而过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、亚硝酸还原酶活性呈下降趋势。与N0:10相比,N10:0、N3:7、N5:5和N7:3均显著提高了氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和肥料贡献率,以N7:3处理的氮肥利用率最高,2年平均为39.3%,较N0:10和N10:0处理平均分别提高33.1%和21.9%。N7:3处理玉米籽粒中赖氨酸含量显著高于其他处理,蛋白质含量也较N0:10、N10:0【Objectives】The basal application of all the fertilizers by using controlled release urea in spring maize in the dryland area of Eastern Gansu Province has demonstrated the satisfactory effect on yield increase.Here we studied the effects of mixed ratio of controlled release urea and normal urea from the points of yield,soil inorganic nitrogen(N)content,and enzyme activity,and the nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of maize.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 in Wutong,Zhenyuan county of Eastern Gansu,with the maize cultivar‘Xianyu 335’as test crop.The treatments included no fertilizer(N0),merely common urea(N0:10)and controlled rerelease urea control(N10:0),and the mixed application of controlled release urea and common urea and ratio of 3∶7,5∶5,and 7∶3.Except N0,all the fertilizer treatments had the same N total input(225 kg/hm^(2)).At maturating stage,maize yield,yield components and grain quality were investigated,and the NUE was calculated.The soil samples were collected at the same time for the determination of inorganic N content in 0-40 cm soil layer,and the enzyme activity in 0-20 cm layer.【Results】Compared with N0,all the fertilizer treatments significantly increased maize yield by increasing grain number per ear and 100-grain weight.N5:5 treatment produced the highest average yield(16618 kg/hm^(2)),which was 20.1% and 13.6% higher than N0:10 and N10:0.Compared with N10:0 and N0:10,N7:3 treatment enhanced net income by 7100 yuan/hm^(2) and 5500 yuan/hm^(2),increased output to input ratio by 16.3% and 15.2%.After maize harvest,the NO_(3)^(-)-N contents in 0-40 cm soil layer in the N3:7,N5:5 and N7:3 treatments were lower than N0:10 and N10:0,while the NO_(3)^(-)-N and NH_(4)^(+)-N in 0-20 cm soil layer were higher than N0,showing the blocking effect of NO_(3)^(-)-N leaching.All the N3:7,N5:5 and N7:3 treatments significantly reduced shoot N but enhanced grain N content,compared to N0:10 and N10:0,with the best effect in N7:3 treatment.The nitrate reductase and urease

关 键 词：控释尿素与普通尿素掺混比例 春玉米 产量 品质 硝态氮淋溶 氮肥利用率 纯收益 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]