河西绿洲灌区玉米产量对长期秸秆带状覆膜还田方式的响应  

Response of corn yield to long-term straw return patterns in Hexi oasis irrigation area under plastic film mulching condition

作　　者：卢秉林[1] 车宗贤[1] 包兴国[1] 张久东[1] 吴科生[1] 杨蕊菊[1] 崔恒 LU Bing-lin;CHE Zong-xian;BAO Xing-guo;ZHANG Jiu-dong;WU Ke-sheng;YANG Rui-ju;CUI Heng(Institute of Soil,Fertilizer and Water Saving Agriculture,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation and Agriculture Environment(Gansu),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality in Liangzhou,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所/农业农村部甘肃耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站/国家土壤质量凉州观测实验站,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第6期1037-1047,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42167010);甘肃省自然科学基金项目(20JR5RA107)。

摘　　要：【目的】秸秆还田方式影响着其对作物的增产效果,为此,我们探讨了河西绿洲灌区不同秸秆带状覆膜还田对玉米产量的影响。【方法】田间定位试验于2011—2020年在河西绿洲灌区进行。试验设7个秸秆还田方式处理,分别是:玉米秸秆不还田(CK)、半量整株带状翻压还田(1/2WB)、半量整株带状覆盖还田(1/2WM)、半量粉碎带状翻压还田(1/2CB)、全量粉碎带状翻压还田(CB)、半量粉碎带状覆盖还田(1/2CM)、全量粉碎带状覆盖还田(CM),所有秸秆还田处理均在玉米行间还田,其上覆盖薄膜。在玉米主要生育期测定倒二叶SPAD值,成熟期调查玉米植株生长指标、产量及产量构成因素,并计算秸秆还田对产量的累积贡献率。【结果】两个秸秆全量还田处理(CB、CM)均显著提高了玉米穗粒数、百粒重、株高、茎粗、穗粗、穗长、有效穗长和收获指数,降低了玉米秃顶长度,增加了玉米籽粒产量(P<0.05),CB处理还显著增加了玉米穗数(P<0.05)。在试验第1年(2011年),6个秸秆还田处理的玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期和抽雄期的叶片SPAD值与CK均无显著差异;与CK相比,2020年CB和1/2CB处理显著提高了玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期和吐丝期的叶片SPAD值(P<0.05)。秸秆带状覆膜还田对玉米产量具有明显的累积效应,从2011到2020年,CB处理对玉米累积产量的增产贡献率最高(为9.33%~14.15%),1/2CB处理次之,为7.17%~12.25%,之后是CM处理,为9.19%~10.14%。【结论】玉米秸秆带状还田能够显著提高玉米整个生育期的光合效率,协调玉米营养生长和生殖生长的关系,最终显著提高籽粒产量。长期连续玉米秸秆还田对玉米产量具有明显的累积效应,且增产优势逐年增加。秸秆粉碎翻压还田的效果优于整株覆盖还田,全量秸秆粉碎翻压还田效果优于半量秸秆粉碎翻压还田。【Objectives】Returning ways of straws affect their yield promotion efficiency.We studied the cumulative effect of different straw return patterns on the corn yield in Hexi oasis irrigation area.【Methods】A localized field experiment was conducted in the Hexi oasis irrigation area from 2011 to 2020.The seven treatments included no straw return(CK),half amount of harvested corn straws buried into soil directly(1/2WB),or covered on soil surface directly(1/2WM);half or whole amount of harvested corn straws were crushed and then buried into soil(1/2CB,CB),or covered on surface soil(1/2CM,CM).All the straw were returned in strips between corn rows and covered with plastic film at last.The corn yields were recorded every year for the calculation of cumulative contribution rate of straw return.In 2020,the SPAD values of the bottom second leaf were monitored at five main growth stages of corn.At harvest,plant growth indexes,yield and yield components were investigated,and the contribution rate of straw return to cumulative yield was calculated.【Results】The CB and CM treatments increased(P<0.05)grain number per spike,100-grain weight,plant height,stem diameter,spike diameter,spike length,effective spike length and harvest index of corn,reduced(P<0.05)the length of corn bald top,and CB treatment also increased spike number of corn,thus significantly increased grain yield.In 2011,all the straw return treatments had no significant effect on leaf SPAD values at seedling,jointing,large bellopening and tasseling stages(P>0.05),compared with CK.In 2020,CB and 1/2 CB treatments recorded significantly higher SPAD values at seedling,jointing,large bell-opening,tasseling and silking stages(P<0.05).Straw return had cumulative effect on corn yield,and CB treatment exhibited the highest contribution rate(9.33%-14.15%),followed by 1/2CB treatment(7.17%-12.25%),and CM treatment(9.19%-10.14%).【Conclusions】Straw return in strips and covered with plastic film could coordinate the interrelationship between plant growth and grain

关 键 词：河西绿洲灌区 秸秆粉碎还田 秸秆覆盖还田 玉米 产量 SPAD值 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]