城市复杂下垫面对局地气温和风定量影响的观测研究  

Observational Research on the Quantitative Influence of the Complex Underlying Surface of the City on Local Air Temperature and

作　　者：徐一平 郑祚芳 苗世光 李林[4] XU Yiping;ZHENG Zuofang;MIAO Shiguang;LI Lin(Institute of Urban Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100089;Shaoxing Meteorological Office,Shaoxing,Zhejiang Province 312000;Key Laboratory of Urban Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100089;Beijing Meteorological Observation Center,Beijing 100089)

机构地区：[1]北京城市气象研究院,北京100089 [2]绍兴市气象局,浙江绍兴312000 [3]中国气象局城市气象重点开放实验室,北京100089 [4]北京市气象探测中心,北京100089

出　　处：《气候与环境研究》2023年第4期385-397,共13页Climatic and Environmental Research

基　　金：中国气象局重点创新团队项目CMA2022ZD09;北京市科技计划课题Z201100008220002;青年北京学者计划项目2018-007

摘　　要：为深入探讨城市局地气温和风的定量差异,采用智能微型气象站在门头沟城区开展了为期一年的观测试验,并采用局地气候分区,分析了局地环境对近地面气温和风场的影响。结果表明:(1)白天气温受太阳辐射、建筑物遮蔽、土地利用、人为热排放的综合影响,夜间气温主要受城市冠层特性和人为热排放(交通、生活)的影响。中层密集型地块夏季日平均气温偏高0.68℃,高层密集型地块冬季日平均偏高0.66℃(与稀疏建筑地块相比,下同)。密集树木地块的降温效应夏季(0.3℃)强于冬季(0.07℃)。水体的降温效应主要体现在夏季白天,平均偏低0.29℃;而冬季水体以增温效应为主,日平均偏高0.38℃。(2)水体地块由于粗糙度较小,夏季、冬季风速日平均分别偏高0.5 m/s和0.37 m/s;密集树木由于风屏障作用,夏季、冬季风速日平均偏低0.13 m/s和0.23 m/s;由于建筑物的阻挡作用,夏季、冬季,中层密集型地块风速日平均偏低0.54 m/s和0.48 m/s。本文揭示了城市复杂下垫面对局地气温和风的定量影响,研究表明局地气候分区可较好地反映城市街区气温和风的局地差异,为宜居城市建设提供科学基础。To comprehensively explore the local differences of urban microclimates,a one-year observational experiment was conducted utilizing a smart micro weather station in the urban area of Mentougou,Beijing,China.The local climate zoning was implemented to analyze the effects of the local environment on the near-surface temperature and wind field.The results demonstrated the following:(1)Daytime temperature is governed by solar radiation,building shading,land use,and anthropogenic heat emissions.On the other hand,night temperature is primarily influenced by urban canopy characteristics as well as anthropogenic heat emissions(traffic,life).The average daily temperature in summer is 0.68℃ higher in the middle-level dense plots and 0.66℃ higher in winter in the high-level dense plots(compared with sparse building plots,the same below).The cooling effect of dense tree plots in summer(0.3℃)is stronger than in winter(0.07℃).The cooling effect of the water body is primarily reflected during the summer days,which is 0.29℃ lower on average,while in winter,the water body is predominantly warmed with a daily average of 0.38℃ higher.(2)Due to the low roughness of the water block,the daily average wind speeds in summer and winter are higher by 0.5 and 0.37 m/s,respectively.On the other hand,the effects of wind barriers can be attributed to the reduced daily average wind speeds in summer and winter by 0.13 and 0.23 m/s,respectively.Owing to the blocking effect of buildings,the average daily wind speed of the middle-level dense plots is 0.54 and 0.48 m/s lower in summer and winter,respectively.This paper reveals the quantitative impact of urban complexes on local air temperature and wind.Research shows that local climate zoning can better reflect the local differences in temperature and wind in urban blocks and provide a scientific basis for the construction of livable cities.

关 键 词：北京门头沟城区 局地 气温 风 社会化观测 

分 类 号：P463.2[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]