俄罗斯反美主义的流变、根源、功能及影响  

The Evolution,Origins,Function and Impact of Anti-Americanism in Russia

作　　者：冯玉军[1] FENG Yujun

机构地区：[1]复旦大学国际问题研究院

出　　处：《当代美国评论》2023年第2期106-124,130,共20页Contemporary American Review

基　　金：2021年度国家社会科学基金一般项目“后疫情时代俄罗斯的国际地位与对外政策研究”(项目编号:21BGJ001);教育部2021年度高校国别和区域研究规划课题“全球能源转型背景下的俄罗斯能源战略调整与中俄能源合作问题研究”(项目编号:2021-N02)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：反美主义是当代国际政治中的一股重要思潮。冷战期间,苏联长期是世界反美主义的旗手和重要阵地。苏联解体以来,反美主义在俄罗斯经历了沉寂、复苏、勃兴、高涨的历程,成为反映俄罗斯政治经济变迁、对外行为调整和民族心态变化的重要晴雨表。相较于欧洲,俄罗斯反美主义的根源无疑更加复杂。“情境说”“工具论”“怨恨”心理、认知结构以及历史传统等范式从不同角度揭示了俄罗斯反美主义生成与演变的根源。但这些因素实际上往往相互纠缠,难以截然区分。在后苏联时期,反美主义在很大程度上成为助力俄罗斯凝聚国家团结、强化国家认同的动因,巩固了政府合法性,同时也是俄罗斯在国际上争取盟友、打造“反美阵营”并借此削弱美国全球地位、与美国争夺地区影响力的重要工具。反美主义也唤起了俄罗斯的仇外心理和孤立主义情绪,导致其对外政策行为日益激进化,这对俄罗斯形成真正的国家认同和维护其国际影响力带来了负面影响。Anti-Americanism represents a significant current of thought aswell as an important movement in contemporary international politics.Throughout the Cold War,the Soviet Union was the principal standard-bearer and major stronghold of anti-Americanism worldwide.Following theSoviet Union's collapse,anti-Americanism in Russia underwent periods ofdormancy,revival,resurgence,and upsurge,serving as a crucialbarometer of Russia's political and economic transformations,adjustmentsin foreign behavior,and shifts in national mentality.Compared to Europe,the roots of Russian anti-Americanism are undoubtedly more complex.Theoretical paradigms such as situational analysis,instrumentalism,resentment psychology,cognitive structure and historical traditions haveshed light on the origins and evolution of Russian anti-Americanism fromvarious perspectives,yet in practice,these factors are often intertwined anddifficult to distinguish.During the post-Soviet era,anti-Americanismlargely served as a driving force behind Russia's efforts to consolidatenational unity and identity and enhance the legitimacy of its government,aswell as an important tool for Russia to seek global allies and forge an“anti-American camp”,thereby undermining America's global standing andcompeting with the U.S.for regional influence.Meanwhile,anti-Americanism has also given rise to xenophobic and isolationist sentimentsin Russia,leading to the increasing radicalization of its foreign policybehavior,which has had a negative impact on Russia's formation of agenuine national identity and the maintenance of its international influence.

关 键 词：反美主义 美俄关系 俄罗斯 普京 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学] D851.2[政治法律—外交学]