转型中的俄罗斯国家能力:政治制度与精英体制的分析(上)  

Russia's State Capacity in Transition:Political System and Meritocracy(Ⅰ)

作　　者：费海汀 Fei Haiting

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国政治学研究中心

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2023年第3期152-175,共24页Russian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“苏联-俄罗斯政治转型研究”(项目批准号:19CKS016)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：苏联的解体和20世纪90年代的动荡导致了俄罗斯国家权力的流失。在30年的转型进程中,俄罗斯始终在推行国家重构策略,追求建设一个“强国家”。俄罗斯国家的重构策略可以从政治制度与精英体制两个角度进行考察。在政治制度方面,俄罗斯国家主动塑造了一个以联邦主体首脑为绝对核心的地方政治体系。在当代俄罗斯地方政治中,“州长”合并了苏联时期多个政治机构的权力与职能,“州政府”则成为州长权力体系的延展和辅助。为避免对“州长”的过度依赖,俄罗斯国家进行了复杂的制度设计保证对“州长”的权力进行分化与制约。一方面,俄罗斯国家在联邦主体层面设计了一个多层次的竞争结构,使纵向从联邦到地方层级,横向从政治、经济到社会领域的众多精英都能参与对“州长”职位的竞争。另一方面,俄罗斯国家还通过上级与下属机关等正式机构,以及直管机构、派驻机构、社会组织、市场主体四类非正式机构实现了对“州长”权力的拆分。最终,俄罗斯国家塑造了一个治理者与治理工具相分离的治理模式。通过对治理工具的掌控,联邦政府就能灵活调整联邦主体首脑所拥有的权限和影响力,并对其长期持续性地施加压力。治理者与治理工具相分离的特征实际上正体现了俄罗斯地方政治制度的基本逻辑:稳定、控制而非发展和竞争。The collapse of the USSR and the turmoil of the 1990s has led to the loss of Russia's state power.During the three decades of transition,Russia has always adhered to a strategy of national restructuring and pursued the construction of a"strong state".The restructuring strategy of the Russian state can be explored from the perspectives of political system and meritocracy.In terms of political system,the Russian state has taken the initiative to shape a local political system with the head of the federal subject as the absolute core.In contemporary Russian local politics,the"governor"integrates powers and functions of several political institutions during the Soviet era,and the"state government"has become an extension and supplement to the governor's power system.In order to avoid excessive dependence on governors",the Russian state has carried out complex institutional design to ensure that the power of"governors"could be divided and restricted.On the one hand,the Russian state has designed a multi-level competition structure at the level of federal subjects,so that many elites vertically from the federal to the local level and horizontally from the political,economic and social fields can participate in the competition for the positions of"governors".On the other hand,the Russian state has also achieved the division of the power of"governors"through formal institutions such as higher and subordinate organs,as well as informal institutions such as directly managed institutions,resident agencies,social organizations,and market subjects.Ultimately,the Russian state has shaped a governance model in which the governor is separated from the tools of governance.By gaining control of governance tools,the federal government can flexibly adjust the authority and influences of the head of federal subjects and exert long-term and sustained pressure on them.The characteristic of separation between governor and governance tools actually reflects the basic logic of Russia's local political system:stability,control rather than d

关 键 词：俄罗斯地方政治 俄罗斯国家建构 俄罗斯国家能力 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学]