基于政策文献计量的美国科技评价体系发展进程研究  

Research on the Development Process of American Science and Technology Evaluation System Based on Policy Document Metrics

作　　者：余厚强 王玥 Yu Houqiang

机构地区：[1]中山大学信息管理学院,广东广州510006 [2]南京理工大学经济管理学院,江苏南京210094

出　　处：《情报理论与实践》2023年第8期43-50,共8页Information Studies:Theory & Application

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学基金一般项目“融合替代计量分析的高校科研社会影响力评价研究”(项目编号:22YJA870016);中央高等基本科研业务费专项资金项目“基于政策文献计量的中美科技评价政策比较研究”(项目编号:2023QNTD36)的成果。

摘　　要：[目的/意义]测度美国科技评价体系的发展进程,有利于从全局视角把握美国科技评价的发展方向,对我国建设新时期科技评价体系具有重要的参考价值。[方法/过程]基于政策文献计量分析,以1945年7月—2022年1月美国联邦政府、国会等部门发布的国家科技评价政策为研究对象,探究科技评价体系的发展阶段和不同阶段下政策焦点主题的演变。[结果/结论]美国科技评价体系的发展进程可分为初建探索期、规范修正期、创新发展期和改革完善期4个阶段,当前正处于科技评价体系的改革完善阶段;美国历年来科技评价的焦点是项目评审、科研机构管理和科研资助,政策重心已逐渐从围绕科技人才、项目资助的事后评价,转变为对科研机构、科技计划或项目的事前、事中评价。[Purpose/significance]Measuring the development process of American science and technology(S&T)evaluation system is helpful to grasp the development direction of American S&T evaluation from the global perspective and has important reference value for the construction of China’s S&T evaluation system in the new era.[Method/process]Based on the policy bibliometrics methods,this paper takes the national S&T evaluation policies issued by the FEDERAL government,congress and other departments from July 1945 to January 2022 as the research object to explore the development stages of the American S&T evaluation system and the evolution of policy focus topics and institutional publication networks at different stages.[Result/conclusion]①The development process of American S&T evaluation system can be divided into four stages:initial construction and exploration period,standard revision period,innovation development period and reform and improvement period.At present,the system of S&T evaluation is in the stage of reform and improvement.②In the past years,the focus of S&T evaluation in the United States has been project evaluation,management of research institutions and research funding.At present,the policy focus has gradually shifted from post-evaluation of scientific and technological talents and project funding to pre-evaluation and in-process evaluation of research institutions,S&T plans or projects.

关 键 词：政策文献计量 美国 科技评价体系 政策焦点 替代计量学 

分 类 号：G353.1[文化科学—情报学] G327.12