文本解读与历史研究——以古藏文中的词语chu Gang、lta zhig、rje blas为例  

Text Interpretation and Historical Research——Taking the Old Tibetan Word“Chu Gang,Ita Zhig and Rje Blas”as Example

作　　者：南吉加 Gnam Skyabs Rgyal(Tibetan Museum of Scripture,Lhasa,Tibet 850000)

机构地区：[1]西藏藏经博物馆官印经部,西藏拉萨850000

出　　处：《青海民族大学学报（藏文版）》2023年第1期84-100,共17页Journal of qinghai minzu University：Tibetan Version

摘　　要：古藏文中的chu Gang、lta zhig、rje blas等三个词语,屡次出现在吐蕃时期的石碑文、敦煌文、简牍文等中,在后期的部分《甘珠尔》《丹珠尔》文献中,也以变异或拆解的形式出现多次。通过古藏文学者对此类词语的解读和辨认,解答了chu Gang、lta zhig、rje blas等三个词语的部分含义。但随着文字考古研究的不断深入,古藏文的文化及阐释语境有了更大的拓展,也给研究古藏文的学者们提供了更全面的阐释空间。比如:古藏文chu Gang一词,在吐蕃时期仅用来表达君臣之间的忠信关系,至后宏时期其意义逐渐延伸,可以指称婚姻里的忠诚与信任,因此不能将其单纯地理解为英勇忠良之意;而lta zhi一词的语义不断虚化,逐渐具有了介词和虚词的功能,其所指也因语句搭配而发生变化,一味地将其解释为“他”或“他本人”是不准确的;通过词语考究和语素分析发现,rje dlas一词中的“rje”指的是君王,而“dlas”(藏文dlas后来作slas)则指帐中亲信,因此,rje dlas一词可以用来表达忠诚侍奉君王的一种责任和义务,rje dlas一词的这一含义也被后来的历史叙事所继承,部分教法史在叙述“六大决议法”(bkav gros chen mo)时,常以“保护赞普,不遗余力地侍奉”(rjevi sku vtsho zhing zho sha blar dbul)来扩解rje dlas一词。Based on the three ancient Tibetan documents of the Tubo Period,combined with some Kanjur and Tenjur documents that appeared in the later period,it proves that the ancient Tibetan word Chu Gang not only has the meaning of courage and excellence,but also means loyalty and shame in a marriage;the word Lta Zhig not only means"he"or"himself",but also has the meaning of becoming functional as a preposition and function word with the transformation of noun parts of speech and changes in grammatical structure,and its meaning also changes due to sentence combinations;the word Rje Blas means obligation to serve the emperor.Through the analysis of its functional scope,Rje Blas has also been inherited by the"Six Great Law of Resolutions"that was recorded in some famous Buddhist historical books in the later period,which means loyally protect and serve the emperor.This article makes full use of the research methods of philology to verify the meanings of above-mentioned words which were recorded in many Tibetan documents.

关 键 词：古藏文 解读 chu Gang lta zhig rje blas 

分 类 号：H214[语言文字—少数民族语言]