吐鲁番出土古纸牌年代考  

A Study on the Dating of the Ancient Playing Card Unearthed in Turpan

作　　者：艾俊川[1,2] Junchuan AI(Financial Times;the Professional Committee for Ancient Book Appraisal of the Ancient Books Preservation and Conservation Association of China)

机构地区：[1]《金融时报》 [2]中国古籍保护协会古籍鉴定专业委员会

出　　处：《印刷文化（中英文）》2023年第2期26-32,40,共8页Print Culture

摘　　要：1905年在新疆吐鲁番附近出土的一张中国古代纸牌,是印刷史研究公认的世界上最早的纸牌,其印制年代普遍认为在1400年前后,即明朝初年。今据牌面所印“三分”这一白银计量单位,可知其产生于以白银为货币本位的时代,属元代纸牌,很有可能印制于元代,时间在1300年前后;据明人对叶子中“空没文”牌演变历程的记载并对比现存清代纸牌实物,可知此牌与“空没文”及其前身“空一文”牌图案相同,所绘为“波斯进宝”,而非水浒人物王英。吐鲁番出土的元代纸牌,为纸牌是印刷术西传的重要工具的观点提供了重要物证。An ancient Chinese playing card,discovered near Turpan in Xinjiang in 1905,is widely regarded by researchers of printing history as the world's earliest playing card.Its printing time is generally believed to be around 1400,during the early Ming Dynasty.The presence of the words"three fen"(fen was a monetary unit formerly used in China)on the card indicates its association with an era when silver was used as currency,suggesting that it belongs to the Yuan Dynasty and was likely printed around 1300.By examining historical records on the evolution of the kong-mo-wen("zero wen")card of the Yezhipai("Leaf Cards")and comparing it with surviving Qing Dynasty playing cards,it is evident that this card shares the same pattern as the kong-mo-wen card and its predecessor,the kong-yi-wen card,depicting"Persian Treasures"rather than the Water Margin character Wang Ying.The Yuan Dynasty playing cards unearthed in Turpan provide significant material evidence for the theory that playing cards were an important tool for the westward transmission of printing technology.

关 键 词：吐鲁番出土纸牌 纸牌 雕版印刷 印刷术西传 空没文 波斯进宝 

分 类 号：K875.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]