汉文史料中“生番”“熟番”“野番”之称谓新考——以青海千百户制度相关史料为依据  

An Analysis on the Chinese Terms"Raw Minorities","Minorities",and"Uncivilized Minorities"in Historical Literature--Based on Historical Materials Related to the Qinghai Thousand and Hundred Household System

作　　者：扎果 Tago(Department of Tibetan Journal in Qinghai Academy of Social Sciences,Xining,Qinghai 810000)

机构地区：[1]青海省社会科学院藏文编辑部,青海西宁810000

出　　处：《青海民族大学学报（藏文版）》2023年第2期30-42,共13页Journal of qinghai minzu University：Tibetan Version

基　　金：2022年度四川省社会科学重点研究基地康巴文化研究中心重点项目“青海玉树地区‘千户’制度研究”(项目号:KBYJ2022A001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“生户”“熟户”是汉文文献史料中出现的始于宋代的专有术语,是历代中原王朝对周边少数民族辖境实行管理和交往交流交融的历史产物。在宋代,我国西北地区的吐蕃、木雅等少数民族土官纷纷接受宋王朝封授的各种官职,其中将中原地区汉文化视为先进文化,并对其进行效仿学习的少数民族,宋王朝称其为“熟户”;虽接受宋王朝封册但不接受中原文化的少数民族则称作“生番”。时至清朝,由于青海涉藏地区已经形成独具地方特色的千百户制度,清政府以历代中原王朝沿袭下来的“生番”“熟番”为基础,结合青海涉藏地区部族的实际分布,将其称作“生番”“熟番”“野番”,进而划分区域界线,其地方土官封授千百户官职并逐步实现全面管理。本文通过深入分析清政府在青海涉藏地区实行千百户制度期间,将其部族百姓划分为“生番”“熟番”“野番”的语义渊源、划分依据及功能特点,提出“生番”“熟番”“野番”是根据青海涉藏地区农、牧、农牧兼备三区的地缘和生产模式差异而划定,进而研究“生番”“熟番”“野番”划分目的与历史意义,全面阐释清政府在青海涉藏地区通过封授千百户官职逐步实行全面管理的历史进程和现实意义。"Raw household"and"familiar minorities"are terms appeared in historical literature of Song Dynasty,which was originated from the administration system of ethnic-minorities in bordering area by central government of various dynasties in China.During the Song Dynasty,the local leaders of ethnic-minorities,such as Tibetans and Tanguts in Northwest of China,accepted the official titles offered by Central Government of China,and thought the Han-Chinese culture was more advanced and accepted,thus those were called"familiar household"by Song court,while those never accept the official titles from central government of Song,were called"raw household".Later during the time of Qing Dynasty,there were local administrative system called Stong Dpon and Brgya Dpon in Qinghai Tibetan areas,based on the"raw household"and"familiar household"policy,they were categorized into three groups named"raw minorities","familiar minorities","uncivilized minorities"by the Qing court,and the local leaders offered the official titles of Stong Dpon and Brgya Dpon.Based on the function,characteristics,and meaning of the terms"raw minorities","familiar minorities","uncivilized minorities",this paper concluded that this division was also based on the differences between monadic area,semi-nomadic area,and farming areas.The paper also discussed the advantage and purpose of"raw minorities","familiar minorities","uncivilized minorities"in the administration of ethnic-minorities,and how Qing court administrated the Tibetan tribes with offering the official titles of Stong Dpon and Brgya Dpon.

关 键 词：清朝 千百户 “生番” “熟番” “野番” 

分 类 号：K18[历史地理—历史学]