拍卖人瑕疵说明义务认定与标准——以2012—2020年已判决案例为样本的分析  

The Auctioneer’s Obligation to Declare Defects and Standards--Analysis of Adjudicated Cases from 2012 to 2020

作　　者：郑臻 Zheng Zhen(University of Science and Technology Beijing,School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Beijing 100086,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学文法学院,北京100086

出　　处：《山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第4期59-71,共13页Journal of Shandong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目“新时代互联网拍卖监管机制研究”(22YJE820001)。

摘　　要：近年来,因拍卖标的与拍卖人所述不符的案件越来越多,相关判决也存在较大分歧。导致这一现象的关键因素之一是拍卖人瑕疵说明义务的特征与履行标准并不清晰。通过明晰瑕疵说明义务的特征、厘清瑕疵说明义务的履行标准,可以规范拍卖人描述拍卖标的的行为,确定当事人之间的权利义务关系,进一步优化我国拍卖市场的营商环境。从一般信息披露义务的层面,拍卖人的瑕疵说明义务具有确保合意正当性的重要功能;从拍卖机构的专业性层面,拍卖人的瑕疵说明义务也是信赖保护原则的一种体现。审查标的与如实说明是拍卖人的瑕疵说明义务的两个重要内容,前者的履行标准需要考量拍卖行的不同层次;后者则是结合拍卖人“尽其所知,尽其所信”标准予以判断。原则上来说,拍卖人的瑕疵说明义务是限制免除瑕疵担保义务的一种手段,拍卖人免除瑕疵说明义务又受到明示担保与格式条款的限制。In recent years,there are increasing cases where the auction target does not conform to what the auctioneer has described,and the relevant judgment is quite different.One of the key factors leading to this phenomenon is that the characteristics and performance standards of the auctioneer’s duty of defect explanation are not clear.Auction houses are in a privileged position and are given special consideration in the art market.Auction data such as catalogue attributions and price information are taken into public sphere.The information on consigned property that auction houses established can be used by other market actors,including to assess a work’s authenticity or its author’s position on the market.Given the publicity of their sales and established information,auction houses have a much greater influence than any other art dealer.Auction houses further develop their privileged position through the value-based marketing of their expertise and of the property they offer for sale.Auction houses challenge the market’s trust and confidence because they disclaim liability to consignors for the created attributions and prices.Thereby,auction houses question the reliability of the established information and specialized knowledge.Adequate security proves to be in a high demand on a market which has a feature,in reality,of insufficient security.The art market requires accurate attributions in order to function.By subjecting attributions to their disclaimers,auction houses are not assuming their role as point of reference,and consequently threaten the art market’s health and stability,which leads to the situation that an art lawyer so well summarised recently:“trust no one.”By clarifying the characteristics of the obligation to explain defects and clarifying the performance standards of the obligation to explain defects,we can standardize the behavior of auctioneers in describing auction objects,determine the relationship of rights and obligations between parties,and further optimize the business environme

关 键 词：瑕疵说明义务 文物拍卖 民事法律体系 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]