论习惯法的国家立场与社会立场  

On the National and Social Positions on Customary Law

作　　者：谢晖 XIE Hui

机构地区：[1]广州大学人权研究院,广东广州510006

出　　处：《政治与法律》2023年第8期108-123,共16页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：一直以来,法学家对习惯法的论述,主要坚持的是国家主义的习惯法论。该观点强调习惯法与其他法律的表现形式一样,都是主权者的命令。这种观点来自人们对在人民主权下国家的德性依赖和强力认同。但这种依赖与认同,以及建立在此基础上的习惯法的国家唯一依赖,在国家权力越来越一家独大的困顿中日渐被解构。随之而来的法律多元主义思潮,助长了法律的多元性观念。法律多元性主要体现在非国家的习惯法之多元性上,它表明习惯法固然可以依赖于国家,还可以依赖于(多元)社会。国家的习惯法,立旨于裁判规则;非国家的习惯法,立旨于行为规则。国家的习惯法,来自主权者的命令,而非国家的习惯法,来自人们对反复适用,并具有权利义务分配功能和纠纷解决功能的习惯之道德信赖、利益信赖和公正信赖。For a long time,jurists’descriptions of customary law have been made mainly in the framework of the nationalistic doctrine of customary law,which emphasizes that customary law,like other forms of law,is a command of the sovereign.Such view is based on people’s virtue-oriented dependence on and strong identification of the nation under sovereignty of the people.However,such dependence and identification,as well as the sole dependence of customary law on the state,are gradually deconstructed in the predicament of the increasing dominance of national power.The accompanying trend of legal pluralism promotes the pluralistic concept of law.Legal pluralization is mainly embodied in the pluralization of non-national customary law,which indicates that customary law can depend on the state as well as(pluralistic)society.The national customary law is based on the rules of adjudication,while non-national customary law is based on the rules of conduct.Further,the national customary law comes from the command of the sovereign,while non-national customary law originates from people’s virtue-oriented trust,interest-oriented trust and justice-oriented trust of the customs which are applied repeatedly and have the functions of distributing rights and obligations and resolving disputes.

关 键 词：国家主义 国家习惯法 非国家习惯法 裁判规则 行为规则 

分 类 号：DF04[政治法律—法学理论]