干旱砾漠区露天采煤对草地植物群落特征及其稳定性影响  

Effect of Open-pit Coal Mining on Grassland Plant Community Characteristics and Stability in Arid Gravel Desert Area

作　　者：韩勇 姜凯升 杜华栋[2,3] 毕银丽 HAN Yong;JIANG Kaisheng;DU Huadong;BI Yinli(Guoneng Xinjiang Hongshaquan Energy Co,Ltd,Urumqi 838100,China;College of Geology&Environment,Xi an University of Science and Technology,Xi an 710054,China;Western Mine Ecological Environment Rehabilitation Research Institute,Xi an University of Science and Technology,Xi an 710054,China)

机构地区：[1]国能新疆红沙泉能源有限责任公司,乌鲁木齐838100 [2]西安科技大学地质与环境学院,西安710054 [3]西安科技大学西部矿山生态环境修复研究院,西安710054

出　　处：《西北植物学报》2023年第6期1035-1043,共9页Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica

基　　金：国家能源集团2030重大项目先导资助项目(CJNY2030XDXM-19-07.2)。

摘　　要：露天煤炭开采对区域地形地貌、水文循环和土壤植被等生态环境因子产生了较大干扰,但干旱砾漠区露天开采对周边植物群落及其稳定性的影响范围和程度仍有待深入研究,这个问题的探明才能为矿区植被恢复的精准施策提供科学依据。该文通过定量比较距露天开采区不同距离植物群落组成、多样性、生产力和稳定性变化特征,分析干旱砾漠区露天采煤对植物群落的影响范围和程度,并结合土壤性状和微气象因子的测量,探究影响干旱矿区植物群落特征的主导因子。结果表明:(1)干旱砾漠区露天开采排土场原始植被消失殆尽,开采区外围0~500 m范围内原优势物种重要值降低,伴生物种重要值增加,500 m后随着距开采区距离的增加优势植物重要值逐渐增加,至开采区800 m外植物群落组成趋于稳定;(2)开采区外围0~500 m范围内植物群落地上生物量、多样性和群落稳定性较5000 m处分别平均下降了53%、70%和37%,开采区500 m以外上述群落指标整体上变化不明显,而植被覆盖度在开采区外围不同距离并未表现出显著变化趋势;(3)土壤水分、有机质、有效氮磷钾、可溶性盐与植物群落地上生物量、多样性和稳定性呈正相关关系,而土壤pH、光照强度和地表温度与上述植物群落指标呈负相关关系。因此干旱砾漠区露天开采排土场及开采区外围0~500 m范围是矿区生态修复过程中重点考虑区域,同时研究表明干旱砾漠区植被主要分布在砾漠戈壁浅沟和季节性河道等生境相对良好的凹陷微地形条件下,综合可得出干旱砾漠区植被修复过程中可通过微地形塑造、土壤改良和乡土物种繁殖促进,以实现干旱矿区生态系统的稳定和可持续发展。Open-pit coal mining has caused great disturbances to the geomorphology,hydrological cycle,soil and vegetation,and other ecological environmental factors,but the scope and extent of open-pit mining on the plant communities and its stability around the mining area still need to be further studied,and it is only when this issue is clarified that a scientific basis can be provided for the precise policy of revegetation on mining sites.In this paper,the influencing scope and extent of open-pit coal mining on plant communities were analyzed at different distances from the mining area in arid gravel desert areas by quantitative comparing the composition,diversity,productivity and stability of plant communities,and the factors affecting the characteristics of plant communities were explored in combination with the soil and micrometeorological factors.The results showed that:(1)Original vegetation disappeared completely in dump sites,the important value(IV)of dominant species decreased within 0-500 m around the mining area,but the IV of companion species increased.The IV of dominant plants gradually increased with the increasing distance from mining area,and the composition of plant community tended to be stable 800 m away from the mining area.(2)The plant community s aboveground biomass,diversity and stability within 0-500 m around the mining area decreased by 53%,70%and 37%averagely compared with 5000 m areas,respectively.The above plant community indicators did not change significantly beyond 500 m of the mining area,while the vegetation coverage did not show a significant change at different distances around the mining area.(3)Soil water content,organic matter,available nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and soluble salt were positively correlated with plant community s aboveground biomass,diversity and stability,while soil pH,light intensity and surface temperature correlated negatively with these plant community indicators.These results indicated that the dump sites and 0-500 m around mining area were the priority area

关 键 词：露天开采 干旱砾漠区 植物群落结构 群落稳定性 生态修复 

分 类 号：Q948.1[生物学—植物学]