白灰面-草拌泥地坪——西头遗址新石器时代复合建筑材料科学研究  

“Baihuimian” and Organic-Tempered Daub Floor--Scientific Research on Composite Building Materials of Neolithic Age in Xitou Site

作　　者：王茜蔓 李婷[1,2,3] 严景臣[1,2,3] 杨富巍 刘妍 先怡衡 张坤[1,2,3] 唐丽雅[1,2,3] 陈欣楠 WANG Xi-man;LI Ting;YAN Jing-chen;YANG Fu-wei;LIU Yan;XIAN Yi-heng;ZHANG Kun;TANG Li-ya;CHEN Xin-nan(China-Central Asia“The Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research(Northwest University),Xi'an 710127,China;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Research,Ministry of Education(Northwest University),Xi'an 710127,China;School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]中国-中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室(西北大学),陕西西安710127 [2]文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安710127 [3]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710127

出　　处：《光谱学与光谱分析》2023年第8期2514-2522,共9页Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(B050121975202);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2020SF-363)资助。

摘　　要：西头遗址位于陕西省咸阳市旬邑县,是一处包含了自新石器时代到明清时期丰富遗存的人类文化遗迹。在该遗址的上西头村和南头村发掘点中发现了许多新石器时代的窑洞式房址,且部分房址的地坪为“白灰面-草拌泥”复合建筑材料,保存较为完整。本文首先采用了体视显微镜、偏光显微镜、超景深显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对“白灰面-草拌泥”地坪的结构进行了显微观察,为进一步解决样品的制作材料、制作工艺分析和技术原理等问题,又利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、热重差热分析仪(TGA-DSC)、能谱仪(EDS)等多种分析手段对“白灰面”、草拌泥以及“白灰面-草拌泥”交界面进行了成分的分析检测。研究结果表明:“白灰面”主要成分是二氧化硅和由料礓石烧制后经过碳酸化反应生成的碳酸钙;“白灰面”有三层,应是经过三次涂抹叠加而成,每层白灰面厚度都基本一致且均不超过1 mm;“白灰面”的基底是草拌泥,其中的秸秆纤维起加筋强化和抑制开裂作用;涂抹“白灰面”时,石灰水渗入草拌泥中而氢氧化钙发生碳酸化反应产生了碳酸钙,有助于草拌泥结构的稳定性和强度;“白灰面”和草拌泥两种建筑材料至今仍结合紧密,两者之间仅有10~20μm的间距,说明至少在新石器时代晚期中国先民已经广泛掌握了“白灰面-草拌泥”这种复合建筑材料及其施工工艺。该研究对于了解中国远古先民对于天然材料的认识、利用以及梳理传统建筑科技文明的发展脉络具有重要意义。Xitou Site,located in Xunyi County,Xianyang City,Shaanxi Province,contains rich human cultural relics from the Neolithic Age to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the excavation sites of Shangxitou Village and Nantou Village,many cave-dwelling sites of the Neolithic Age were found,and the floor of some of these sites was a Composite building material of“Baihuimian”(Lime layer)and organic-tempered daub,which were relatively well preserved.This paper used stereoscopic microscope,polarizing microscope,ultra-depth of field microscope and scanning electron microscope(SEM)to observe the structure of“Baihuimian and organic-tempered daub”floor.In order to further solve the problems of sample production materials,production process analysis and technical principle,the means of X-ray Diffractometer(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR),thermal analysis(TGA-DSC),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)were used to analyze and detect“Baihuimian”,organic-tempered daub and“Baihuimian and organic-tempered daub”floor.The results showed that the main ingredients of“Baihuimian”are silica dioxide and calcium carbonate obtained by carbonization of loess-doll after calcination;The“Baihuimian”has three layers,which should be smeared three times,and the thickness of each layer of“Baihuimian”is the same and not more than 1 mm;The substrate of“Baihuimian”is organic-tempered daub,in which the straw fiber can strengthen and inhibit cracking.When daubing the“Baihuimian”,the lime water infiltrated into the organic-tempered daub and calcium hydroxide itself was carbonated to produce calcium carbonate,contributing to organic-tempered daub structure s stability and strength.The two building materials are still closely combined,with only a 10~20μm distance between them,which indicates that at least in the late Neolithic Age,Chinese ancestors had widely mastered the compound building material and its construction technology.This study is of great significance to understanding and utilising natural materia

关 键 词：新石器时代 旬邑西头遗址 “白灰面” 草拌泥 复合建筑材料 

分 类 号：K876.9[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]