渭北旱地磷肥减施措施对冬小麦产量及磷吸收利用的影响  

Effects of phosphorus reduction measures on winter wheat yield and phosphorus uptake and utilization in Weibei dryland

作　　者：闫蓉 朱利 冉瑾怡 杨文杰 宫欢 刘金山[1] YAN Rong;ZHU Li;RAN Jin-yi;YANG Wen-jie;GONG Huan;LIU Jin-shan(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第7期1265-1279,共15页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0200200,2021YFD1900700);陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目(2022PT-06)。

摘　　要：【目的】黄土高原渭北旱地麦区连续多年施用磷肥,小麦磷肥利用率和土壤磷有效性较低。通过田间试验探究了磷肥减量及改变施肥方法对冬小麦产量、磷素吸收利用以及土壤磷素盈余的影响,为黄土高原渭北旱地麦区磷肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】在渭北旱区陕西永寿县连续进行3年田间试验,共设5个处理:对照(CK,不施磷肥),农户处理(FP,撒施P2O5120 kg/hm2),减磷处理(RP,撒施P2O570 kg/hm2),条施处理(BF,条施P2O570 kg/hm2),硫酸铵处理(SA,硫酸铵替代尿素,撒施P2O570 kg/hm2)。在冬小麦拔节期、抽穗期及成熟期分别采集植株和土壤样品,测定小麦根系形态、磷含量及土壤pH、速效磷含量等,分析小麦生长、产量及构成因素、磷素吸收与积累、水分及磷肥利用率、土壤磷素盈亏的变化规律。【结果】与CK相比,各施磷处理(FP、RP、BF、SA)显著提高了小麦籽粒产量及成熟期磷吸收量,3年平均增产640.8 kg/hm2(11.4%),磷吸收量平均增加3.95 kg/hm2(28.2%),而籽粒产量和成熟期磷吸收量在各施磷处理间无显著性差异;同时,FP和RP处理提高了小麦根系的总根长和根表面积。与FP处理相比,磷肥减量处理(RP、BF、SA)均显著提高了磷肥偏生产力和农学效率,降低了土壤表观磷盈余量,其中RP处理显著提高磷肥偏生产力70.2%、农学效率72.6%和磷肥当季回收率4.4个百分点;RP处理土壤表观磷年盈余量为12.7 kg/hm2,较FP处理显著降低了62.5%,而表观累积磷盈余降低了63.3 kg/hm2,进而降低土壤磷残余率21.8个百分点。等磷肥用量投入下,与RP处理相比,SA处理显著降低了小麦拔节期和抽穗期土壤pH 0.07个单位,土壤磷残余率显著降低1.4个百分点。【结论】在黄土高原渭北旱地冬小麦种植区,施磷量由P2O5120 kg/hm2减少至70 kg/hm2仍能够保证土壤磷素供应和小麦生长,实现稳产,并可提高磷肥利用效率、降低土壤中磷素残留。在磷【Objectives】Continuous phosphorus(P)application might be a reason for the low wheat P use efficiency and soil P availability in the upland winter wheat production area of Weibei,the Loess Plateau.So,we studied the effects of P fertilizer reduction and the fertilizer application methods on wheat yield and P use efficiency.【Methods】A three-year winter wheat field trial was carried out in the rainfed area of the Loess Plateau(Yongshou County,Shaanxi Province).The experiment included no P fertilizer control(CK),farmers’practice(FP,P2O5120 kg/hm2 by broadcasting),merely P fertilizer reduction(RP,P2O570 kg/hm2 by broadcasting),P reduction combined with banding application(BF),and with ammonium sulfate replacing urea(SA).Wheat plants were sampled at jointing,heading,and maturity stage for measurement of root morphology,shoot and grain weight and P content.At the same stages,soil(0−20 cm)samples were collected to determine the soil water,pH,and available P content.The water and P fertilizer use efficiency,and soil P budgets were calculated.【Results】Compared with CK,P fertilization increased grain yield and P uptake by 640.8 kg/hm2 and 3.95 kg/hm2,equal to an increase rate of 11.4%and 28.2%on average of 3 years,however,P application rate and method did not cause significant differences.FP and RP treatments increased the root total length and surface areas.Compared with the FP treatment,the RP,BF,and SA treatments significantly increased P fertilizer use efficiency and decreased P surplus.Of these three treatments,the RP treatment significantly increased the partial factor productivity of P by 70.2%,the agronomic efficiency by 72.6%and P recovery efficiency by 4.4 percentage points,reduced apparent P surplus by 12.7 kg/hm2(62.5%)and soil accumulated P surplus by 63.3 kg/hm2 and thus resulted in a decrease of P surplus rate by 21.8 percentage points.Under the same rate of P fertilizer application,compared with the RP treatment,the SA treatment significantly reduced soil pH at wheat jointing and heading stage

关 键 词：磷肥减施 磷肥施用方法 磷素利用率 水分利用率 小麦产量 磷素表观平衡 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]