氮肥基追比例对苏打盐碱土甜菜光合效率及糖产量的调控  

Optimum basal and topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer for high photosynthetic efficiency and sugar yield of sugar beet in soda alkali-saline

作　　者：田露 苏文斌 郭晓霞 黄春燕 菅彩媛 梁亚晖 李智 韩康 TIAN Lu;SU Wen-bin;GUO Xiao-xia;HUANG Chun-yan;JIAN Cai-yuan;LIANG Ya-hui;LI Zhi;HAN Kang(Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural&Animal Husbandry Science,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia 010031,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院,内蒙古呼和浩特010031

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第7期1352-1366,共15页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：通辽市科左中旗苏打盐碱化耕地改良技术模式研究与监测评价(202076);内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2020CG0060);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-170207);内蒙古自治区草原英才工程项目(甜菜提质增效绿色栽培技术创新人才团队)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究氮肥基追比例对苏打盐碱土甜菜光合特征、产量和质量的调控效应,为甜菜高效施肥提供依据。【方法】田间试验于2020—2021年在内蒙古通辽市开展,在氮(N)总量150 kg/hm^(2)基础上,设置9个氮肥基追比例处理:10:0:0(N10)、8:2:0(N821)、7:3:0(N731)、6:4:0(N641)、5:5:0(N551)、8:1.6:0.4(N822)、7:2.1:0.9(N732)、6:2.8:1.2(N642)、5:3.5:1.5(N552),和不施氮肥对照(CK),共10个处理,追肥时期在叶丛快速生长期(V1)和块根生长及糖分积累期(V2)进行。在V1、V2和糖分积累期(V3),测定光合指标和生物量,收获期调查甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量。【结果】与CK处理相比,施氮显著提高了甜菜叶片光合能力、干物质积累量以及产量;基肥比例大于70%的处理含糖率无显著降低;基肥比小于60%的处理对产量无显著影响;除N551和N552处理外,其余处理产糖量均显著提高,N732处理的产糖量两年均显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。与N10处理相比,氮肥分期施用提高了V1期甜菜叶片光合能力、干物质积累量,且同一基肥比例下以追肥1次优于追肥2次;进入V2期,除基追比N821和N551处理外,其余处理甜菜叶片光合能力、干物质积累量均高于对照,且同一基肥比例下以追肥2次优于追肥1次,其中以N732处理表现最优,各指标显著高于其余处理,其甜菜叶片净光合速率、胞间CO_(2)浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、SPAD值两年平均值分别提高17.20%、13.33%、21.34%、21.01%、10.35%,叶片、叶柄、块根及全株干物质积累量分别提高26.02%、46.69%、47.96%、41.92%。与此同时,N732处理有效调节了甜菜干物质分配和转运,显著降低了V1期后地上部干物质比例,提高了块根干物质比例,提高了根冠比,形成了良好“源–库”关系,为产量形成奠定基础。通过主成分分析,甜菜产量和质量与叶片净光合速率、胞间CO_(2)浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、SPAD值均存在正相关关系.【Objectives】We investigated the regulation effect of basal and topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic efficiency and yield of sugar beet in soda alkali-saline farmland.【Methods】The field experiment was conducted in farmland of Tongliao City,Inner Mongolia from 2020 to 2021.Under the total N input of 150 kg/hm^(2),nine basal to topdressing ratio treatments were setup,as:10:0:0(N10),8:2:0(N821),7:3:0(N731),6:4:0(N641),5:5:0(N551),8:1.6:0.4(N822),7:2.1:0.9(N732),6:2.8:1.2(N642),5:3.5:1.5(N552),taking no nitrogen fertilizer as control(CK).The two topdressings were carried out at the rapid growth stage of leaf tufts(V1)and the growth and sugar accumulation stage of root tubers(V2).The photosynthetic indices and aboveground biomass were measured at V1,V2 and V3(sugar accumulation)stages,and the sugar content,beet and sugar yield were investigated at harvest stage.【Results】Compared with CK,all the fertilizer treatments significantly increased the photosynthetic efficiency,dry matter accumulation and yield of sugar beet;The treatments with basal N ratio higher than 70%did not impact the sugar content,and treatments with N basal ratio less than 60%did not increase beet yield;and the fertilizer treatments,except N551 and N552,significantly increased sugar yield.In the two years,treatment N732 achieved significantly higher sugar yield than all the other treatments.Compared with treatment of N10,split fertilizer treatments improved photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter accumulation at V1 stage,and the increase by one-time topdressing treatment was better than by two-time topdressing under the same basal dressing ratio.At V2 stage,all the fertilizer treatments,except basal N rate of N821 and N551 treatments,significantly increased photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation of sugar beet,and the effect of two-time topdressing treatments were better than that of one-time topdressing treatments.Treatment N732 exhibited the highest net photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO_(2) concentra

关 键 词：甜菜 氮肥运筹 苏打盐碱化耕地 光合效率 糖产量 

分 类 号：S566.3[农业科学—作物学]