古籍墨迹的老化检测及其模拟实验研究  

Aging detection of ink marks on ancient books and its simulation experiment

作　　者：高旭日 吴春芳 刘鹏 张宏斌 GAO Xuri;WU Chunfang;LIU Peng;ZHANG Hongbin(Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Ancient Chinese Books,Fudan University Library,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China;Zhejiang Library,Hangzhou 310063,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学图书馆中华古籍保护研究院,上海200433 [2]浙江图书馆,浙江杭州310063

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2023年第4期52-61,共10页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(22175040,21802023)资助;上海市自然科学基金项目(21ZR1405100)资助;教育部人文社会科学基金青年项目(21YJCZH089)资助;上海市社科规划青年课题(2020ETQ005)资助。

摘　　要：随着纸质文物保护工作的推进,针对古籍纸张载体的保护研究已逐步深入,但对于古籍纸张上的墨、颜料等其他写印材料的保护及写印材料之间的相互作用则亟待研究。其中,古籍墨迹的老化研究有助于揭示墨与纸相互作用的本质,对于古籍文物的保护具有非常重要的意义。以复旦大学图书馆藏古籍《三十二兰亭室诗存》墨迹的老化现象为出发点,通过显微镜观察、表面pH值测定、显微拉曼(micro-Raman)和傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱法等多种无损、微损的检测手段多尺度分析了墨迹泛黄的现象,结果显示墨迹处及周边黄晕纤维与空白部分纤维相比,光泽缺失且略显糟朽,酸性更强,表面氧化基团增多,说明墨可能对纸张的老化降解产生了影响。通过设计纸墨浸润模拟老化实验对此进行验证,结果显示与偏中性墨汁相比,尽管墨汁中胶料对纤维有一定保护作用,但偏酸性墨汁对纸张老化的促进作用使pH值、抗张性能及耐折性能的下降趋势更明显,聚合度保留率也较低。墨字模拟老化实验佐证了前述结论,使用酸性更强的墨汁书写的字迹,周围纸张酸性更强,色差也更显著。以上结果表明,墨汁的酸碱性质对纸张的老化降解进程有很重要的影响。这不仅揭示出古籍存藏过程中受墨影响的纸张老化机制以及模拟实验合理设计对于系统探究老化机制及纸墨相互作用的重要性,也对古籍保护工作范畴的扩大和策略的制定具有指导意义,并为修复用墨的研制提供了思路。With the advancement of the conservation of ancient books and other paper cultural relics,research on the conservation of paper itself has made progress.However,by contrast,there is an urgent need to carry out studies on the preservation and conservation of writing materials such as ink and pigments on paper and their interactions.Investigation of the aging of ancient ink marks is focused on the essence of ink-paper interaction,which is of great significance for ancient book conservation.Using the ink marks on an ancient Chinese book collected in Fudan University Library as examples,we analyzed the phenomenon of ink yellowing in a multi-scale way using various non-and micro-destructive methods such as microscopic observation,surface pH testing,and micro-Raman and FT-IR spectrometry.The results show that compared with the blank fibers,the yellowed fibers at and around the ink marks lacked luster and were slightly decayed,more acidic and had more surface oxidation groups,indicating that the ink might have an impact on the aging and degradation of paper.This was further verified by a simulated aging experiment of soaking paper in ink.The results show that compared with neutral inks,acidic inks promote the aging of paper,with an obvious decline of pH value,tensile and folding properties,and a lower retention rate of degree of polymerization.The simulated aging experiment of ink characters supported the foregoing conclusions.Characters using more acidic ink had a stronger acidity and the chromatic aberration was also more significant.The above results indicate that the acidity of ink had a very important impact on the degradation of paper.In-depth research on this subject could not only reveal the mechanism of paper aging affected by ink during the preservation of ancient books,which would be helpful in understanding and formulating long-term strategies for the conservation of ancient books,but would also provide guidance for the development of ink for restoration.

关 键 词：古籍保护 墨迹 纸墨作用 老化 科学检测 

分 类 号：K876.9[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] TS951.21[历史地理—历史学]