甘肃糟朽木器安全状况评估技术研究  

Study of the safety assessment technology for rotten wooden artifacts excavated in Gansu

作　　者：陈庚龄[1] 容波 李强[3] CHEN Gengling;RONG Bo;LI Qiang(Gansu Provincial Museum,Lanzhou 730050,China;Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum,Xi’an 710600,China;Shanghai Institute of Ceramics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200050,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省博物馆,甘肃兰州730050 [2]秦始皇帝陵博物院,陕西西安710600 [3]中科院上海硅酸盐研究所,上海200050

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2023年第4期62-69,共8页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

摘　　要：甘肃木器代表了我国汉代雕刻技艺的最高水平。糟朽是甘肃木器的典型特征,通常纤维素降解度高达50%;甘肃木器因材质固有的木材属性及缺陷性,对环境中的湿度、湿气和水分较为敏感,容易引发“湿胀干缩”效应,致使器物后期不易保存、保护。如何对糟朽木器安全状况进行科学评估,是当前基础研究领域亟待解决的课题。针对目前评估技术中存在的弊端、难题,本研究通过对评估方法、方式的深刻剖析,对木材材质特征及属性分析,对衡量及表征材质形态与结构变化相关物理参数的梳理;应用现代分析仪器及其成熟分析技术对采集试样进行了形貌观察和测试数据分析;研究表明:胎木含水率作为影响糟朽木器结构与形态稳定的决定因素,是安全评估的唯一衡量指标;胎木容重值、纤维结晶度与纤维降解度作为材质物理化学性能综合考量的表征参数,均客观地反映了材质质量或状况的实际变化情况,可作为量化评估参考指标;确定胎木含水率的安全变化范围为9.3%~14.3%,安全波动幅度为±5%。依据上述结果,制定了糟朽木器安全评估的相关界定标准:1)胎木含水率在安全范围、幅度内波动、变化时,表征参数物理量变化轻微,器物则处于安全区;2)胎木含水率超出安全范围变化时,且波动频率频繁,往往会持续引起容重值变小、纤维结晶度降低、纤维降解度增大,造成胎木的形态与结构发生严重改变,致使器物处于危险区;3)胎木丧失维持自身平衡效应的能力,致使表征参数物理量变化值极度异常,尤其当胎木素含量达到85%时,纤维素几乎完全降解,器物则已处于濒危区。最后,综合、梳理分析结果,设计、创建了科学、规范的糟朽木器安全评估技术构架,该技术采用定量与定性相结合的方式,特点是重数据、重证据,提升、强化了科技含量,方法简单、实用,易于掌握。Wooden artifacts from Gansu represent the highest level of Han Dynasty carving skills in China.Being rotten is a typical feature of these wooden artifacts—usually the degree of cellulose degradation is up to 50%.The inherent properties and defects of the material and the sensitivity to the humidity and moisture in the environment easily cause the effects of“wet expansion and dry contraction”,which is harmful to the preservation and conservation in the later stage.In view of the disadvantages and issues in the current safety assessment technology,we conducted profound analyses of the methods,wood material characteristics and properties,and combed through relevant physical parameters used to measure and characterize material shapes and structure changes.We also applied modern analytical instruments and mature analysis technologies to observe morphology and analyze testing data of collected samples.The study result show that 1)the moisture content of the wooden core,as the determining factor affecting the structure and shape stability of rotten wood ware,was the only indicator of the safety assessment;2)the volumetric weight,degree of fiber crystallization and of fiber degradation of the wooden core,as the characterization parameters considering material physical and chemical properties,objectively reflecting the actual changes of the material,could be used as a reference index for the quantitative assessment;3)the safety change range of the moisture content of the wooden core was 9.3%~14.3%,with a safety fluctuation range of±5%.According to the above results,we made relevant definition standards for the safety assessment of rotten wooden artifacts:1)when the wood moisture content fluctuates and changes in the safe range,the characterization parameters change slightly,and the object is basically safe;2)when the wood moisture content fluctuates frequently beyond the safe range,serious changes in the morphology and structure of the rotten wood often occurs,with the volumetric weight and fiber crystallization de

关 键 词：糟朽木器 胎木含水率 安全评估 

分 类 号：K876.7[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] G264.3[历史地理—历史学]