论恶意网络行动归因中对“控制”标准的法律解释和适用  

The Legal Interpretation and Application of the"Control"Criterion in Attribution in Hostile Cyber Operations

作　　者：田立 TIAN Li

机构地区：[1]奥地利维也纳大学 [2]山东大学

出　　处：《武大国际法评论》2023年第3期49-68,共20页Wuhan University International Law Review

摘　　要：以2001年《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》为标志,现行国际法确立了内容连贯、逻辑缜密的归因规则体系。这套规则体系同样可以被用来处理非国家行为体实施的可能构成国际不法行为的恶意网络行动所涉及的国家责任问题。在国家责任上,归因是一个门槛条件,其中又以“控制”为核心要素。然而,在既往的司法实践中,对“控制”标准本身有不同的解释和适用,有时甚至出现了误读或误用的情况,若不加以澄清,就有可能在处理非国家行为体实施的恶意网络行动的国家责任问题时产生不当归因的结果。因此,首先确定能够用于归因的“控制”标准是必要的。同时,《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》第55条为在该条款草案框架之外产生新的“控制”标准提供了法律上的可能性,而有学者提出的“控制和能力”测试也并没有超出这一框架。此外,在当前国家公共实践处于相对真空的背景下,这种特别法也很难形成。In international law,a coherent and logical system of attribution rules has been established in current international law,marked by the 2001 ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts(ARSIWA).This body of rules can be equally used to address the issue of state responsibility concerning hostile cyber operations committed by non-state actors that may constitute internationallyy wrongful acts.Attribution is a threshold condition for state responsibility,of whichh"control"is the most central element.However,in the past judicial practice,there are different interpretations and applications of the"control"criterion itself,and sometimes even misinterpretation or misuse,which,if not clarified,may result in improper attribution when dealing with the state responsibility for malicious cyber actions committed by non-stateeactors.Therefore,it is necessary to first identify the"control"criterion that can be used for attribution.At the same time,article 55 of the ARSIWA offers the legal possibility of creating a new standard of"control"outside the framework of the ARSIWA,while the"control and capabilities"test proposed by scholars is within the scope of this framework.Moreover,such lex specialis would be difficult to develop in the current context of a relative vacuum in state public practice.

关 键 词：恶意网络行动 国家责任 归因 控制 特别法 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]