美国文化类国家公园管理经验及其对中国的启示  

Management Experience of Cultural National Parks in the United States and Its Enlightenment to China

作　　者：吴丽云[1,2] 牛楚仪 WU Liyun;NIU Chuyi(China Academy of Culture and Tourism,Beijing International Studies University,Beijing 100024,China;School of Tourism Science,Beijing International Studies University,Beijing 100024,China)

机构地区：[1]北京第二外国语学院中国文化和旅游产业研究院,北京100024 [2]北京第二外国语学院旅游科学学院,北京100024

出　　处：《开发研究》2023年第3期80-86,共7页Research On Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金艺术学一般项目“国家文化公园遗产保护与旅游利用的协调机制研究”(21BH157)。

摘　　要：国家文化公园是我国开创性提出的概念,是打造中华重要标志,坚定文化自信的重要载体。美国是全球国家公园体系的开创者,在百余年的国家公园建设中开启了国家公园保护文化遗产的先例,其文化类国家公园建设的经验可以为我国国家文化公园建设与管理提供参考与借鉴。系统梳理了美国9类文化类国家公园的建设历程,总结了美国文化类国家公园建设的经验。美国文化类国家公园在建设中构建了受法律保障的专门性管理机构,形成了中央-州-公园三级管理体系;形成了一套针对文化遗产保护和利用的完善的法律体系;构建了以联邦财政投入为主,多元化资金筹措为辅的资金保障机制;建立了法律保障下的大众和志愿者广泛参与的公众参与机制。在系统总结美国文化类国家公园建设经验的基础上,结合中国实际,提出了我国国家文化公园的建设建议。我国应设立国家文化公园管理局作为专门性管理机构,出台保障国家文化公园建设的根本性法律,建立以中央-省-市-县四级政府投资为主体,以基金、债券、社会投资和社会捐赠为辅助的多元资金渠道,并构建多主体多方式参与国家文化公园建设的公众参与机制。National Cultural Park is a concept pioneered by China,of which the construction is an important carrier to create a significant symbol of China and firm cultural confidence.The United States is the creator of the global national park system.It has opened a precedent for the protection of cultural heritage in national parks in more than a hundred years,and its experience in the construction of cultural national parks can provide a reference for the construction and management of National Cultural Parks in China.This paper systematically sorted out the construction history of nine types of cultural national parks in the United States and summarized the experience.In the construction of U.S.cultural national parks,a specialized management organization guaranteed by law has been built,forming a three-level management system of central-state-park.Moreover,the United States has constructed different mechanisms and systems,with a set of excellent legal system for the protection and utilization of cultural heritage,a financial guarantee mechanism mainly based on the federal financial input and supplemented by diversified funding,and a mechanism for public participation including extensive participation of the general public and volunteers under the guarantee of the law.On the basis of systematically summarizing the construction experience of the United States,this paper puts forward a proposal for the construction of China’s National Cultural Park combining with the situation in China.China should set up a National Cultural Park authority as a specialized management organization and introduce fundamental laws to guarantee the construction,and establish a diversified funding channel with government investment at the central-provincial-municipal-county level as the main body,supplemented by funds,bonds,social investment and social donations.In addition,it should build a public participation mechanism with multiple main bodies and modes in the construction of National Cultural parks.

关 键 词：美国 文化类国家公园 管理经验 启示借鉴 

分 类 号：D771[政治法律—政治学] G246[政治法律—中外政治制度] F592[文化科学]