数据权利界定与收益共享共创:数字经济下如何化公地悲剧为共同富裕  

Definition of Data Rights and Co-creation of Benefits:How to Turn the Tragedy of the Commons into Common Prosperity under the Digital Economy

作　　者：冯博[1] 李艳婷[1] 刘龙 FENG Bo;LI Yan-ting;LIU Long(School of Law,Tianjin University of Finance and Economics,Tianjin 300222,China)

机构地区：[1]天津财经大学法学院,天津300222

出　　处：《现代财经（天津财经大学学报）》2023年第8期3-16,共14页Modern Finance and Economics：Journal of Tianjin University of Finance and Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(21BFX113)。

摘　　要：数据作为数字经济高质量发展的核心生产要素,如何界定其权利归属已成为推进数据要素市场发展、构建数字治理体系的关键问题,而现行的数据产权从理论研究到制度设计并未对此做出明确回应。基于此,从数据的经济学属性出发,运用科斯定理模型分析个人数据和企业数据的权利界定问题具有重要意义。研究发现,非隐私个人数据、企业数据具有非竞争性和部分排他性,可以被多主体“共同使用、共享收益”。以数据抓取和反抓取案件为例,数据权利界定不当会导致“排他不足”或“排他过度”,进而带来“准公地悲剧”或“反公地悲剧”问题,损耗了社会总福利,而有效的权利界定制度可以化“公地悲剧”为“共同富裕”。因此,应根据数据属性和特征对其进行分类管理,并从社会福利增加视角强化数字要素的权利界定和制度规范。研究结果不仅为数据抓取等案件的判决提供了理论支撑,也为有序配置数据资源、扎实推动共同富裕提供了新思路。Data is a core production factor of the high-quality development of the digital economy,and how to define data rights has become a key issue in promoting the development of the data factor market and building a digital governance system.However,the current data property rights system has not provided a clear response to this issue from theoretical research to institutional design.Based on this,starting from the economic attributes of data,it is of great significance to analyze the rights definition of personal and corporate data using the Coase theorem model.The study finds that non-private personal data and corporate data have non-competitive and partially exclusive characteristics,which can be"co-used and shared for benefits"by multiple parties.Taking data capture and anti-capture cases as examples,improper data rights definition can lead to"inadequate exclusivity"or"excessive exclusivity",which can result in a"quasi-commons tragedy"or"anticommons tragedy",respectively,leading to a loss of social welfare.Effective rights definition systems can transform the"commons tragedy"into"common prosperity",Therefore,data should be classified and managed according to their attributes and characteristics,and the rights definition and institutional norms of digital factors should be strengthened from the perspective of increasing social welfare.The research results not only provide theoretical support for the judgment of data capture cases,but also provide new ideas for orderly allocating data resources and solidly promoting common prosperity.

关 键 词：数据要素 非竞争性 排他性 权利界定 共同富裕 

分 类 号：D912.29[政治法律—民商法学]