抵押权侵权损害赔偿责任的构造与适用边界——基于裁判分歧的实证分析  

Structure and Applicable Boundary of Compensation Liability for Infringement of Mortgage Right——An Empirical Analysis Based on the Divergence in Judgements

作　　者：刘平[1] Liu Ping

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《法学》2023年第8期85-102,共18页Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“民法典实质债法规范体系研究”(项目编号:22AFX015);中国博士后科学基金第69批面上资助(2021M693484)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：横跨物权法和债法领域的抵押权保护制度长期秉承“重物轻债”的救济观念,忽略了侵权损害赔偿责任的功能。抵押权的特殊性决定了其侵权损害赔偿责任在加害行为与损害的识别、过错的认定、归责原则以及责任承担方面的独特构造机理。抵押财产的转让或出租是否构成加害行为应依其是否缩减优先受偿范围而定。抵押权的损害包括抵押权本体的损害和抵押财产的损害,于前者应以“实质侵害债权”为标准,于后者则仅须抵押财产价值客观减少即可。在归责原则上应依加害人类型对抵押人适用过错推定责任,对第三人适用过错责任,第三人过错的认定应以其知道抵押权存在为要件。加害人责任的定性与定量应根据加害原因予以确定,在债务人和抵押人之间不成立连带关系。抵押物转让导致无法追及而构成实际损害的,举轻以明重,抵押权人可自由主张转让价金请求权或损害赔偿请求权。抵押权侵权损害赔偿请求权与物上代位存在互斥、并用和择一关系,同时与保全请求权亦无冲突,它们相互协力从而共同组成抵押权损害救济的规范群。The remedy for mortgage has heavily relied on claim of real right and absolutely neglected the right to claim damages,both of which are indispensable protection methods for mortgagee.The particularity of mortgage leads to the unique constitution of the right to claim damages of mortgage,including identification of harmful behavior and damages,determination of fault,principles of attribution and responsibility assumption.Whether the transfer or lease of mortgaged property constitutes a harmful behavior should be determined by whether it reduces the mortgagee's priority.The damage of mortgage should be measured by the impairment of mortgagee's priority or the objective reduction of the value of mortgaged property.If the damage is caused by mortgagor,it will be presumed to be at fault.But for other infringers,only when it is proven that he is at fault and knows the mortgage can he be held responsible.The liability for damages differs in different situations,but it's sure that there is no joint and several relationships between the debtor and the mortgagor.When the collateral cannot be traced after transference,the mortgagee should request the mortgagor to deliver the sale price or to assume liability for damages.The compensation for damages is not conflicted with subrogation or preservation of mortgage,all of which are jointly protections for mortgagees.

关 键 词：抵押权损害 物上代位 增担保 加速到期 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]